scholarly journals Project Categories to Guide Institutional Oversight of Responsible Conduct of Scientists Leading Citizen Science in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caren Cooper ◽  
Lea Shanley ◽  
Teresa Scassa ◽  
Effy Vayena
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Responsible Conduct ◽  
Institutional Oversight

The Three Rs in Research and Education: A Long Road Ahead in the United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Barbara Orlans
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Student ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The Right ◽  
Student Projects ◽  
Institutional Oversight ◽  
The Three Rs

Attitudes toward the Three Rs concept of refinement, reduction and replacement in the United States in research and education are widely divergent. Positive responses have come from several sources, notably from four centres established to disseminate information about alternatives. Funding sources to support work in the Three Rs have proliferated. The activities of institutional oversight committees have resulted in the nationwide implementation of important refinements. In the field of education, student projects involving pain or death for sentient animals have declined, and the right of students to object to participation in animal experiments on ethical grounds has been widely established. However, there is still a long way to go. Resistance to alternatives is deep-seated within several of the scientific disciplines most closely associated with animal research. The response of the National Institutes of Health to potentially important Congressional directives on the Three Rs has been unsatisfactory. The prestigious National Association of Biology Teachers, which at first endorsed the use of alternatives in education, later rescinded this policy, because of opposition to it. An impediment to progress is the extreme polarisation of viewpoints between the biomedical community and the animal protectionists.

scholarly journals Citizen Science and Libraries: Waltzing towards a collaboration

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-336
Author(s):  
Tiberius Ignat ◽  
Darlene Cavalier ◽  
Caroline Nickerson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Present Context

The authors of this paper present context and case studies to illuminate several current policies, recommendations, and practices from the United States and Europe in support of libraries seeking to engage with citizen science, with the goal of encouraging librarians in Europe to leverage existing citizen science resources and take inspiration from successful international examples to make their libraries hubs for citizen science.

More Than Just Networking for Citizen Science

2017 ◽  
pp. 24-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Göbel ◽  
Jessica L. Cappadonna ◽  
Gregory J. Newman ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Katrin Vohland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Science Activity ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Plans

Citizen science activity is growing rapidly around the world and diversifies into new disciplines with recent advances in technology. This expansion is accompanied by the formation of associations and networks dedicated to citizen science practitioners, which aim at supporting citizen science as a research approach. This chapter examines how four such organizations in the United States, Europe, Australia, and China have begun to take shape, and are working with citizen science communities and stakeholders in respective regions and globally. Challenges and future plans of these groups are also discussed. This chapter identifies three core roles of citizen science practitioner organization: 1) establishing communities of practitioners, 2) building expertise through sharing of existing and developing new knowledge, and 3) representing community interests. By focusing on this hitherto neglected phenomenon, the authors aim to stimulate further research, discussion and critical reflection on these central agents in the emerging citizen science landscape.

scholarly journals Citizen Science Provides an Efficient Method for Broad-Scale Tick-Borne Pathogen Surveillance of Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes scapularis across the United States

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Tanner Porter ◽  
Julie Wachara ◽  
Zachary A. Barrand ◽  
Nathan C. Nieto ◽  
Daniel J. Salkeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Ixodes Pacificus ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Broad Scale

In the 21st century, zoonotic pathogens continue to emerge, while previously discovered pathogens continue to have changes within their distribution and prevalence. Monitoring these pathogens is resource intensive, requiring both field and laboratory support; thus, data sets are often limited within their spatial and temporal extents.

scholarly journals Engaging Actively with Issues in the Responsible Conduct of Science: Lessons from International Efforts Are Relevant for Undergraduate Education in the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Clements ◽  
Nancy D. Connell ◽  
Clarissa Dirks ◽  
Mohamed El-Faham ◽  
Alastair Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Undergraduate Curriculum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Responsible Conduct

Numerous studies are demonstrating that engaging undergraduate students in original research can improve their achievement in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and increase the likelihood that some of them will decide to pursue careers in these disciplines. Associated with this increased prominence of research in the undergraduate curriculum are greater expectations from funders, colleges, and universities that faculty mentors will help those students, along with their graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, develop an understanding and sense of personal and collective obligation for responsible conduct of science (RCS). This Feature describes an ongoing National Research Council (NRC) project and a recent report about educating faculty members in culturally diverse settings (Middle East/North Africa and Asia) to employ active-learning strategies to engage their students and colleagues deeply in issues related to RCS. The NRC report describes the first phase of this project, which took place in Aqaba and Amman, Jordan, in September 2012 and April 2013, respectively. Here we highlight the findings from that report and our subsequent experience with a similar interactive institute in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Our work provides insights and perspectives for faculty members in the United States as they engage undergraduate and graduate students, as well as postdoctoral fellows, to help them better understand the intricacies of and connections among various components of RCS. Further, our experiences can provide insights for those who may wish to establish “train-the-trainer” programs at their home institutions.

scholarly journals Using citizen science to describe the prevalence and distribution of tick bite and exposure to tick-borne diseases in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. e0199644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan C. Nieto ◽  
W. Tanner Porter ◽  
Julie C. Wachara ◽  
Thomas J. Lowrey ◽  
Luke Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tick Bite

scholarly journals Eclipse across America: Citizen Science Observations of the 21 August 2017 Total Solar Eclipse

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 2363-2385 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brant Dodson ◽  
Marilé Colón Robles ◽  
Jessica E. Taylor ◽  
Cayley C. DeFontes ◽  
Kristen L. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
Global Learning ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Temperature Depression ◽  
Meteorological Effects

AbstractOn 21 August 2017, North America witnessed a total solar eclipse, with the path of totality passing across the United States from coast to coast. The major public interest in the event inspired the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) Observer to organize a citizen science observing campaign to record the meteorological effects of the eclipse. Participants at 17 585 observing sites collected 68 620 temperature observations and 15 978 cloud observations. With 7194 sites positioned in the path of totality, participants provide a nearly unbroken record of the cloud and temperature effects of the eclipse across the contiguous United States. The collection of both temperature and cloud observations provides an opportunity to quantify the cloud–temperature relationship. The unique character of citizen science, which provides data from a large number of observations with limited quality control, requires a method that leverages the large number of observations. By grouping observing sites along the path of totality by 1° longitude bins, the errors from individual sites are averaged out and the meteorological effects of the eclipse can be determined robustly. The data reveal a distinct relationship between prevailing cloud cover and the eclipse-induced temperature depression, in which overcast conditions reduces the temperature depression by about one-half of the value from clear conditions. A comparison of the GLOBE results with mesonet data allows a test of the robustness of the citizen science results. The results also show the great benefit that research using citizen science data receives from increased numbers of participants and observations.

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