scholarly journals Blowing snow map of Hokkaido in 2017/2018 winter

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-284
Author(s):  
Seika TANJI ◽  
Masaru INATSU ◽  
Sho KAWAZOE ◽  
Yousuke SATO
Keyword(s):  
Blowing Snow

Visually Induced Steering Errors From Simulated Blowing Snow Are Affected by Environmental Objects

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Lew ◽  
Brian P. Dyre ◽  
Aaron Powers ◽  
Frank Yarbrough
Keyword(s):  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Environmental Objects

scholarly journals Blowing and drifting snow in Alpine terrain: numerical simulation and related field measurements

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gauer
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Related Field ◽  
Drifting Snow ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Snow Transport

A physically based numerical model of drifting and blowing snow in three-dimensional terrain is developed. The model includes snow transport by saltation and suspension. As an example, a numerical simulation for an Alpine ridge is presented and compared with field measurements.

scholarly journals Testing a blowing snow model against distributed snow measurements at Upper Sheep Creek, Idaho, United States of America

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1341-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Prasad ◽  
David G. Tarboton ◽  
Glen E. Liston ◽  
Charles H. Luce ◽  
Mark S. Seyfried
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Snow Model

scholarly journals An exemplary case of a bromine explosion event linked to cyclone development in the Arctic

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1773-1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-M. Blechschmidt ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
L. Kaleschke ◽  
K. Strong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Development Duration

Abstract. Intense, cyclone-like shaped plumes of tropospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) are regularly observed by GOME-2 on board the MetOp-A satellite over Arctic sea ice in polar spring. These plumes are often transported by high-latitude cyclones, sometimes over several days despite the short atmospheric lifetime of BrO. However, only few studies have focused on the role of polar weather systems in the development, duration and transport of tropospheric BrO plumes during bromine explosion events. The latter are caused by an autocatalytic chemical chain reaction associated with tropospheric ozone depletion and initiated by the release of bromine from cold brine-covered ice or snow to the atmosphere. In this manuscript, a case study investigating a comma-shaped BrO plume which developed over the Beaufort Sea and was observed by GOME-2 for several days is presented. By making combined use of satellite data and numerical models, it is shown that the occurrence of the plume was closely linked to frontal lifting in a polar cyclone and that it most likely resided in the lowest 3 km of the troposphere. In contrast to previous case studies, we demonstrate that the dry conveyor belt, a potentially bromine-rich stratospheric air stream which can complicate interpretation of satellite retrieved tropospheric BrO, is spatially separated from the observed BrO plume. It is concluded that weather conditions associated with the polar cyclone favoured the bromine activation cycle and blowing snow production, which may have acted as a bromine source during the bromine explosion event.

Conditions controlling atmospheric pollutant deposition via snowpack

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (NA) ◽  
pp. 87-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Błaś ◽  
Katarzyna Cichała-Kamrowska ◽  
Mieczysław Sobik ◽  
Żaneta Polkowska ◽  
Jacek Namieśnik
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutant ◽  
Solid Precipitation ◽  
Pollutant Deposition ◽  
Important Addition ◽  
Flow Through

Solid precipitation represents a potentially important addition to other measures of deposition. However, an accurate estimate of snowfall amount and pollutant loading is not a trivial matter. There are obvious distinctions between regular precipitation collection and snowpack sampling that represent the cumulative chemistry of bulk deposition. The main goal is to show the most important processes and factors that may influence the rate and magnitude of pollutants deposition affected by the snowfall and snow cover: atmospheric pollutant enhancement of snowfall, pollutants deposition at snow cover surface, drifting and blowing snow, formation of the snow cover and its internal changes, as well as pollutants flow through the snowpack. These phenomena lead to continuous changes in the chemistry of the snow cover and the deposition calculated on the basis of pollutants concentrations in daily portions of atmospheric precipitation. The real deposition released from snowpack is strictly related to the number and depth of thaw episodes. If the amount of stored pollutants is large, first portions of ablation water flushing from the snowpack can carry the load of pollutants, and potentially affecting the environment in a detrimental way. Igneous bedrock is especially sensitive to acidic ions because of its low buffering capacity.

scholarly journals Field test of a new snow-particle counter (SPC) system

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Sato ◽  
Tadashi Kimura ◽  
Taminoe Ishimaru ◽  
Toshisuke Maruyama
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Mass Flux ◽  
Particle Trajectory ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Fraunhofer Diffraction ◽  
Wind Speed Profile ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Sampling Volume ◽  
Snow Particle

The optical system of the snow-particle counter (SPC), which was developed by Schmidt in 1977, has been improved. A laser diode is used as a light source, achieving uniform sensitivity to a blowing snow particle regardless of the location of particle trajectory within a sampling volume. The light entering a slit, which may be affected by a blowing snow particle, is perfectly detected by use of a piano-cylindrical lens and a dual-type photodiode. A signal processor has been developed to get output voltage proportional to the mass flux of blowing snow.From the estimates based on blowing snow characteristics and wind speed profile, the new SPC system can accurately detect all the particles of effective sizes at least at a height above 0.1 m when the wind speed at a height of 1 m is less than 15 m s−1.Considering the Fraunhofer diffraction by both the wire and the particle, the relation between a particle diameter and sensor output of the new SPC system is derived from the calibration with spinning wires.Mass flux obtained with the new SPC system was found to be close to that with a snow trap. The system was operated continuously for at least nine days using two 35 A h lead batteries.

scholarly journals The importance of wind-blown snow redistribution to snow accumulation on Bellingshausen Sea ice

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (57) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Leonard ◽  
Ted Maksym
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice ◽  
Drifting Snow ◽  
Bellingshausen Sea ◽  
Ice Mass Balance ◽  
High Winds

AbstractSnow distribution is a dominating factor in sea-ice mass balance in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica, through its roles in insulating the ice and contributing to snow-ice production. the wind has long been qualitatively recognized to influence the distribution of snow accumulation on sea ice, but the relative importance of drifting and blowing snow has not been quantified over Antarctic sea ice prior to this study. the presence and magnitude of drifting snow were monitored continuously along with wind speeds at two sites on an ice floe in the Bellingshausen Sea during the October 2007 Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Antarctic (SIMBA) experiment. Contemporaneous precipitation measurements collected on board the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer and accumulation measurements by automated ice mass-balance buoys (IMBs) allow us to document the proportion of snowfall that accumulated on level ice surfaces in the presence of high winds and blowing-snow conditions. Accumulation on the sea ice during the experiment averaged <0.01 m w.e. at both IMB sites, during a period when European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses predicted >0.03 m w.e. of precipitation on the ice floe. Accumulation changes on the ice floe were clearly associated with drifting snow and high winds. Drifting-snow transport during the SIMBA experiment was supply-limited. Using these results to inform a preliminary study using a blowing-snow model, we show that over the entire Southern Ocean approximately half of the precipitation over sea ice could be lost to leads.

scholarly journals Optical Properties of Blowing Snow

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (116) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Pomeroy ◽  
D.H. Male
Keyword(s):  
Single Particle ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Geometrical Optics ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Particle Radius ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Particle Measurement ◽  
Snow Particle ◽  
Visual Range

AbstractCalculation procedures are developed and results shown for the exact calculation of extinction and meteorological visual range using the blowing-snow mass in the atmosphere and particle radius. Results of the calculations show: (1) For monochromatic radiation, geometrical optics approximations of the extinction efficiency are found to provide results of only moderate accuracy in calculating the extinction of radiation by a single particle. (2) For broad-band radiation, the geometrical optics approximation is sufficiently accurate for many single-particle measurement instruments and applications, except in the infra-red band where Mie theory should be used. (3) For typical blowing-snow particle-size distributions, the shape parameter of the distribution of particle radii and the mean particle radius are very important in broad-band extinction and visual-range modelling. Estimates of blowing-snow quantities from broad-band extinction measurements or visual range from blowing-snow quantities should address the shape and mean value of the snow-particle radius distribution.

scholarly journals Simulation of wind-induced snow transport in alpine terrain using a fully coupled snowpack/atmosphere model

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 2191-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vionnet ◽  
E. Martin ◽  
V. Masson ◽  
G. Guyomarc'h ◽  
F. Naaim-Bouvet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Atmospheric Flow ◽  
Snow Transport

Abstract. In alpine regions, wind-induced snow transport strongly influences the spatio-temporal evolution of the snow cover throughout the winter season. To gain understanding on the complex processes that drive the redistribution of snow, a new numerical model is developed. It couples directly the detailed snowpack model Crocus with the atmospheric model Meso-NH. Meso-NH/Crocus simulates snow transport in saltation and in turbulent suspension and includes the sublimation of suspended snow particles. A detailed representation of the first meters of the atmosphere allows a fine reproduction of the erosion and deposition process. The coupled model is evaluated against data collected around the experimental site of Col du Lac Blanc (2720 m a.s.l., French Alps). For this purpose, a blowing snow event without concurrent snowfall has been selected and simulated. Results show that the model captures the main structures of atmospheric flow in alpine terrain, the vertical profile of wind speed and the snow particles fluxes near the surface. However, the horizontal resolution of 50 m is found to be insufficient to simulate the location of areas of snow erosion and deposition observed by terrestrial laser scanning. When activated, the sublimation of suspended snow particles causes a reduction in deposition of 5.3%. Total sublimation (surface + blowing snow) is three times higher than surface sublimation in a simulation neglecting blowing snow sublimation.

scholarly journals Identification of blowing snow particles in images from a multi-angle snowflake camera

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Schaer ◽  
Christophe Praz ◽  
Alexis Berne
Keyword(s):  
Austral Summer ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Kappa Score ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Number Of Particles ◽  
Image Frequency

Abstract. A new method to automatically discriminate between hydrometeors and blowing snow particles on Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC) images is introduced. The method uses four selected descriptors related to the image frequency, the number of particles detected per image as well as their size and geometry to classify each individual image. The classification task is achieved with a two components Gaussian Mixture Model fitted on a subset of representative images of each class from field campaigns in Antarctica and Davos, Switzerland. The performance is evaluated by labelling the subset of images on which the model was fitted. An overall accuracy and Cohen's Kappa score of 99.4 and 98.8 %, respectively, is achieved. In a second step, the probabilistic information is used to flag images composed of a mix of blowing snow particles and hydrometeors, which turns out to occur frequently. The percentage of images belonging to each class from an entire austral summer in Antartica and during a winter in Davos, respectively, are presented. The capability to distinguish precipitation, blowing snow and a mix of those in MASC images is highly relevant to disentangle the complex interactions between wind, snowflakes and snowpack close to the surface.

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