scholarly journals “House Fathers” and “People of the Fields” in Art and Folk Literature Since the Reformation

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Scheuerman ◽  
Arthur Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Plant Selection ◽  
Agricultural Improvement ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Folk Literature ◽  
Rural Depopulation

Themes related to humanity’s relationship to nature as technological change led to the Industrial Revolution are evident in early modern German and Austrian art and literature. Authors of popular Hausväterliteratur (house fathers’ literature) associated with the Protestant Reformation advocated the rudiments of agricultural “improvement” through division and specialization of agrarian labor, plant selection, crop rotation, and other changes that upper class landowners adopted for their own economic benefit. By the nineteenth century, authors of Volksliteratur and Dorfgeschichten(village stories) composed novels and short stories celebrating aspects of rural culture and land stewardship as both values were increasingly threatened by modernity. In his writings on Die Gute Gesellschaft (The Good Society), Peter Rosegger cautioned against preoccupation with technical progress that was contributing to rural depopulation and erosion of the sustaining Volksgeist (folk spririt) of locale, community, and obligation.

THE RECOVERY OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN THE CULTURE OF HUMANISTS AND THE COMMUNICATIVE ORIGINS OF THE REFORMATION

Traditio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 375-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE LEDO
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Rules Of The Game

Ideas and opinions about communication and intellectual exchange underwent significant changes during the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The rediscovery of parrhesia by the humanists of the Quattrocento is one of the least studied of these changes, and at the same time, paradoxically, one of the most fascinating. My main argument in these pages is that the recovery of Hellenistic “freedom of speech” was a process that took place from the thirteenth century through the first decade of the sixteenth century; thus it began well before the term παρρησία was common currency among humanists. This is the most important and counterituitive aspect of the present analysis of early modern parrhesia, because it means that the concept did not develop at the expense of classical and biblical tradition so much as at the expense of late-medieval scholastic speculation about the sins of the tongue and the legitimation of anger as an intellectual emotion. To illustrate this longue durée process, I have focused on three stages: (i) the creation, transformation, and assimilation by fourteenth-century humanism of the systems of sins of the tongue, and especially the sin of contentio; (ii) the synthesis carried out by Lorenzo Valla between the scholastic tradition, the communicative presumptions of early humanism, and the classical and New Testament ideas of parrhesia; and (iii) the systematization and transformation of this synthesis in Raffaele Maffei's Commentariorum rerum urbanorum libri XXXVIII. In closing, I propose a hypothesis. The theoretical framework behind Maffei's encyclopaedic approach is not only that he was attempting to synthesize the Quattrocento's heritage through the prism of classical sources; it was also that he was crystallizing the communicative “rules of the game” that all of Christianitas implicitly accepted at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Taking the three ways of manifesting the truth considered by Maffei and fleshing them out in the figures of Erasmus of Rotterdam, Celio Calcagnini, and Martin Luther just before the emergence of the Protestant Reformation could help to explain from a communicative perspective the success and pan-European impact of the Reformation.

Comparisons and Consequences in Global Perspective, 1500–1750

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merry Wiesner-Hanks
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Reformation

This chapter places the Protestant Reformation in a global perspective in two ways, using methods and examining themes common in world history as a field. First, it compares the Reformation to other religious transformations that were occurring at roughly the same time, including the early development of Sikhism, reform movements within Chinese Confucianism, and the reinvigoration of Islam in the Songhay Empire by King Askia the Great. Second, it examines the spread of Protestant ideology and institutions in the increasingly interconnected early modern world, with the colonies of the Dutch East India Company and the missionary work of the Moravians serving as the primary examples of such cultural encounters. It argues that moving beyond Europe to adopt a broader spatial scale enhances our understanding of the religious dynamism of the period, which does not diminish the importance of the Protestant Reformation, but allows us to view it in new ways.

The Bible in Sixteenth-Century Humanist Education

1972 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 112-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lowell C. Green
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Early Modern History ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Humanist Education ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Philipp Melanchthon ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Relationship

One of the crucial problems in early modern history continues to be the relationship between the movements commonly called the Renaissance and the Reformation, and the part played by the Northern Humanists in both. Detrimental to its solution has been the comparative neglect of the strategic role of Philipp Melanchthon, as well as the school of humanist educators that graduated from the halls of this Praeceptor Germaniae. In him as in none other, not even Erasmus, we have the full convergence of Northern Humanism with the Protestant Reformation. On the other hand, some scholars have mistakenly assumed that the emphasis on the Bible among the German reformers led to its domination of their schools.

‘Have you the tongues?’

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-133
Author(s):  
Liz Oakley-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Jacques Derrida ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Love's Labour's Lost ◽  
Mind Set

This essay suggests that, as plays produced in the wake of Henry VIII’s break with Rome and the Protestant Reformation, two early Shakespearean comedies, The Two Gentlemen of Verona (c. 1590–91) and Love’s Labour’s Lost (c. 1594–95), engage with multilingualism’s and translation’s impact on early modern English identities in striking ways. While these late-sixteenth-century texts are products of a cultural mind-set grappling with the vicissitudes of Englishness via the dramatization of deftly layered social strata and linguistic differences, ultimately, I argue that they simultaneously anticipate cultural accord. — Keywords: Shakespearean comedy; the Reformation; identity politics in Elizabethan England; social exclusion; friendship We only ever speak one language […] — (yes, but) — We never speak only one language… (Jacques Derrida 1998: 10)

The Failure of the Reformation in Ireland: Une Question Bien Posée

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bottigheimer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Central Problem ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Irish History ◽  
The Reformation

In an important article published in this Journal in 1979, Professor Nicholas Canny attacked the notion that the Protestant Reformation had failed in Ireland by 1558 and argued that the entire question was misformulated, in part because no such decisive event occurred until the nineteenth century. It is the argument of the present article that Professor Canny did not disprove the relevance or usefulness of the question, and that ‘why the Reformation failed in Ireland’ remains a central problem of early modern Irish history.

University Scholars of the Reformation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Heyd
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
New Science ◽  
Renaissance Humanism ◽  
Book Of Nature ◽  
Academic Affair ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
University Professor ◽  
History Of

Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses of 1517, often taken as the iconic moment inaugurating the Protestant Reformation, were initially an academic affair. Luther himself, like many other Reformers, was a university professor. The Reformation was not restricted to universities, yet during the Reformation era university scholars played a pivotal role in forging, teaching, and debating knowledge about the divine—whether interpreting Scripture, elaborating Protestant theology, or explaining the Book of Nature. The history of the Reformation is thus closely linked to that of early modern universities and the intellectual frameworks within which Scripture, theology, and Protestant approaches to life and nature were debated and taught to future clergymen. This article traces the major intellectual currents and frameworks within which this took place, from the reassessment of Renaissance Humanism and scholasticism in the early years of the Reformation to the challenges facing Protestant Orthodoxy in the wake of the New Science.

scholarly journals “Industrious Revolution” Revisited: A Variety of Diligence Derived from a Long-Term Local History of Kuta in Kyô-Otagi, a Former County in Japan

Histories ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
Satoshi Murayama ◽  
Hiroko Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Local History ◽  
The Self ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Original Theory ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
History Of

Jan de Vries revised Akira Hayami’s original theory of the “Industrious Revolution” to make the idea more applicable to early modern commercialization in Europe, showcasing the development of the rural proletariat and especially the consumer revolution and women’s emancipation on the way toward an “Industrial Revolution.” However, Japanese villages followed a different path from the Western trajectory of the “Industrious Revolution,” which is recognized as the first step to industrialization. This article will explore how a different form of “industriousness” developed in Japan, covering medieval, early modern, and modern times. It will first describe why the communal village system was established in Japan and how this unique institution, the self-reliance system of a village, affected commercialization and industrialization and was sustained until modern times. Then, the local history of Kuta Village in Kyô-Otagi, a former county located close to Kyoto, is considered over the long term, from medieval through modern times. Kuta was not directly affected by the siting of new industrial production bases and the changes brought to villages located nearer to Kyoto. A variety of diligent interactions with living spaces is introduced to demonstrate that the industriousness of local women was characterized by conscience-driven perseverance.

scholarly journals Speaking for the People in Early Modern England*

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Coast
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Early Modern England ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
Common People ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
The People ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Voice

Abstract The voice of the people is assumed to have carried little authority in early modern England. Elites often caricatured the common people as an ignorant multitude and demanded their obedience, deference and silence. Hostility to the popular voice was an important element of contemporary political thought. However, evidence for a very different set of views can be found in numerous polemical tracts written between the Reformation and the English Civil War. These tracts claimed to speak for the people, and sought to represent their alleged grievances to the monarch or parliament. They subverted the rules of petitioning by speaking for ‘the people’ as a whole and appealing to a wide audience, making demands for the redress of grievances that left little room for the royal prerogative. In doing so, they contradicted stereotypes about the multitude, arguing that the people were rational, patriotic and potentially better informed about the threats to the kingdom than the monarch themselves. ‘Public opinion’ was used to confer legitimacy on political and religious demands long before the mass subscription petitioning campaigns of the 1640s.

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