scholarly journals The Rules of Medical Experimentation on People in the Light of the Polish Law and Administrative Solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Justyna Kulikowska-Kulesza ◽  
Dominik Kościuk
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The Public ◽  
Medical Experimentation ◽  
Medical Experiments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Law

In the history of mankind there are known cases of conducting experiments with a goal against people. After all, there has  been eugenic research, or research leading to the creation of biological weapons. Such experiments are usually  hidden from the public and governed by the internal and classified regulations of particular states. That is why it is  important for the domestic legal orders world-wide to establish not only research methods and ways of conducting  experiments (from the point of view of medical art and effectiveness of research) but also – and perhaps even more  importantly – legal principles and rules limiting the conduct of medical experiments, and to establish rules of conduct with  the effect of saving and prolonging the life and health of the patient. This article will analyse the Polish legal  regulations and Polish doctrine in the field as a case study, describing an example of the national measures implemented  to provide control of the research and medical experiment procedures.

Europe's Path To Mars: The European Space Agency's Mars Express Mission

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Russo
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Mars Exploration ◽  
Mars Express ◽  
The Public ◽  
Science Programme ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
History Of

Mars Express is the first planetary mission accomplished by the European Space Agency (ESA). Launched in early June 2003, the spacecraft entered Mars's orbit on Christmas day of that year, demonstrating the new European commitment to planetary exploration. Following a failed attempt in the mid-1980s, two valid proposals for a European mission to Mars were submitted to ESA's decision-making bodies in the early 1990s, in step with renewed international interest in Mars exploration. Both were rejected, however, in the competitive selection process for the agency's Science Programme. Eventually, the Mars Express proposal emerged during a severe budgetary crisis in the mid-1990s as an exemplar of a “flexible mission” that could reduce project costs and development time. Its successful maneuvering through financial difficulties and conflicting scientific interests was due to the new management approach as well as to the public appeal of Mars exploration. In addition to providing a case study in the functioning of the ESA's Science Programme, the story of Mars Express discussed in this paper provides a case study in the functioning of the European Space Agency's Science Programme and suggests some general considerations on the peculiar position of space research in the general field of the history of science and technology.

Karl Haushofer as a “Pioneer” of National Socialist Cultural Diplomacy in Fascist Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 424-449
Author(s):  
Nicola Bassoni
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Model

AbstractThe relevant historiography has largely overlooked the role of Karl Haushofer as a cultural-political actor in National Socialist-Fascist relations. From 1924 to 1944, the German geopolitician dealt extensively with Italy, with an eye to both its geopolitical role in Europe and to the political system of Benito Mussolini's regime. On behalf of Rudolf Hess, he began visiting Italy during the 1930s, aiming to overcome ideological and political misunderstandings between Rome and Berlin. He established a network of contacts with Italian scholars and politicians, passed information back to the so-called deputy Führer, and attempted to influence official German policy toward Italy. He eventually promoted the development of an Italian geopolitics, and, in so doing, achieved one of the most significant cultural-political transfers from National Socialist Germany to fascist Italy. This article analyzes the contacts between Haushofer and Italy, both his political activities and his geopolitical theories. It is a case study of a history of contradictions: a man committed to Pan-Germanist culture and to the defense of German minorities abroad, Haushofer also attempted to improve relations between Berlin and Rome. Moreover, he considered the Axis from a geopolitical point of view—as a realization of the European imperial idea—and from a trilateral perspective, i.e., he viewed Japan not only as an ally, but also as a cultural and political model. The reconstruction of Haushofer's relations with Italy is, therefore, an opportunity to rethink the antinomies, as well as the global dimension, of the National Socialist-Fascist alliance.

Addressing ecology and sustainability in mega-sporting events: The 2006 football World Cup in Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Dolles ◽  
Sten Söderman
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Sporting Event ◽  
History Of ◽  
Waste Energy ◽  
First Time ◽  
Water Waste

AbstractFor the first time in the history of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association), the football (soccer) World Cup held in Germany 2006 specifically addressed environmental concerns. By doing so, the German Organizing Committee did not have the objective of creating a short-term vision, but rather of making a long-term and lasting contribution to the improvement of environmental protection in hosting a mega-sporting event. By taking the football world cup in Germany as a case study, we will provide insights into the so-called ‘Green Goal’ programme and its four main areas: water, waste, energy, and transportation. From a global point of view, climate protection was added by the Organizing Committee as the fifth area of action and was recognised as a cross-sectorial task. Finally, questions are addressed on how to apply those measurements in the planning and organisation of other mega (-sporting) events.

scholarly journals Counting matters: quantifying the vitality and value of Basque

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (252) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Urla ◽  
Christa Burdick
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
The Public ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Statistical Surveys ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Collection Practices

AbstractScholars of language policy and politics have increasingly come to appreciate that there is much insight to be gained by scrutinizing data collection practices and the debates around them. What is (or is not) counted and how counting is done has consequence, but in ways that are not always self-evident. Taking the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) in Spain as a case study, this article examines the historical context in which census and other statistical surveys of language emerged and what the changing forms of quantification can tell us about the evolution of language advocacy discourse and politics more generally. We will look at how concerns with tracking marginalization led minority language advocates to experiment with measures of oral use and linguistic landscapes in the public sphere. The final section examines how economistic and quality management techniques have gained traction in recent efforts to quantify Basque value and vitality today. We conclude with a consideration of the insights to be gained by looking at quantification efforts from the point of view of minority language advocacy.

scholarly journals December – 1986: Evaluation, Causes and Representation in Art

Al-Farabi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-167
Author(s):  
А. Aitenova ◽  
◽  
S. Kairatuly ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Economic

The authors of the article make an attempt to analyze the events that took place on December 17–18, 1986 in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, using the methodology of “cultural trauma”. The December events are defined as a multifaceted social and humanitarian problem. It is shown that the December events must be assessed comprehensively as a historical, social, humanitarian phenomenon. The reasons for the December events were determined by the dismissal of Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Kunayev, the crisis of communist political ideology, the political, economic voluntarism of totalitarian power, the narrowing of the scope of the Kazakh language, the ecological crisis of Soviet Kazakhstan, the emergence of the history of the third generation of the Soviet people. In general, the December events are viewed as an open form of healing the mental wounds of the Kazakh people inflicted by the administrative decisions of the Soviet red empire. Despite the fact that the December events as a social phenomenon are more than a quarter of a century old, the Decembrists and their activity do not leave the agenda in the public consciousness. The importance of using the December events as a universal tool in the formation of various forms of social practice is growing. The conceptualization of this point of view in the article is determined by the representation of the lessons of the December events in contemporary Kazakh art (sculpture, cinema, literature, theater). At the same time, the article also shows that the representation of the December events in art is the form and content of the “healing” of the trauma of the December events.

scholarly journals Tangible assets tax depreciation in the CR – history of de lege lata regulation since 1990

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Brychta ◽  
Pavel Svirák
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tax Payers ◽  
Tax Depreciation

The purpose of the paper is to describe development in de lege lata regulation of the tangible assets tax depreciation in the Czech Republic. The period under consideration was that since 1990. For the period 1990–2009 the legal state valid and operative as of December 31st of the relevant year and in case of the year 2010 as of the state valid and operative as of June 30th were taken into account. To obtain information on relevant de lege lata regulation, the computerized system of legal information ASPI was used. The results of carried out comparison are presented above all in tables and connected commentaries.Even if the attention was paid only to one main selected category of property, it was necessary to approach to a description and assessment of only selected changes because of the extensiveness of the issue in focus. At the very beginning, the paper deals with the specification of the basic legal principles governing the Czech law. Subsequently the paper gives a description of the legal regulation valid and operative until 31st December 1992 and the way of transformation to new rules stated in the Act No. 586/1992 Coll., on Income Taxes, as amended. Since 1993, this Act on Income Taxes has represented the basic legal standard regulating among others the issue of property depreciation. In relation to regulations stated in this Act, the attention is paid to the development in selected aspects. Namely the depreciable period, number of depreciation categories, determination of depreciable tangible property according to Section 26 of the Act on Income Taxes, depreciation rates and coefficients are involved. Besides, the paper follows also the main means of tax liability optimization due the course of the period under consideration. After consideration of acquired results, one can observe that the most changes were realized on the level of relevant provisions of the Act on Income Taxes during the nineties of the last century. When speaking of present legal regulation, this one can be assessed as a relatively steady in relation to followed provisions of the Act on Income Taxes. In general, the trend can be assessed, from the tax-payers point of view, as a positive one. However, taking account of this conclusion, it is to stress that the paper is dealing only with a part of the issue of tangible property depreciation. For deeper analysis it seems to be useful to include other aspects, such as e. g. assessment of impact of changes in legal regulations in question on the tax base.

scholarly journals Brownfield redevelopment : a case study of the Lakeview waterfront revitalization in Mississauga

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Palka
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Brownfield Redevelopment ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Project Structure ◽  
The City

This research paper is a case study examining the development of the Vision for the Ontario Power Generation lands in Lakeview. The interests if stakeholders such as the City of Mississauga, the Lakeview residents, the Region of Peel, the Province of Ontario, Credit Valley Conservation, as well as the Toronto and Region Conservation will be discussed. The importance of the history of Lakeview, the public consulation process, the project structure, as well as the next steps will be critically talked about in detail. This purpose of this paper is t provide other municipalities with recommendations on brownfield redevelopment and thus give them a better understanding of things to consider and potential roadblocks and challenges that could arise.

scholarly journals Komenský in »čas skrajnosti« pri Slovencih 1: Velika didaktika in Komenský v zadnji izdaji

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 333-353
Author(s):  
Jonatan Vinkler
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Critical Editions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Slovene Language ◽  
History Of

Komenský and “Age of Extremes” among Slovenes 1: Didactica magna (The Great Didactic) and Komenský in its latest Edition The discussion presents a semantic, rhetorical, historiographical, methodological and editorial analysis of the only edition of Jan Amos Komenský’s fundamental work in the modern Slovene language—Didactica magna or The Great Didactic (Sl. Velika didaktika, Novo mesto, 1995)—that was met with reception (i.e., was accessible to the public). The analysis suggests that this edition—for reasons unexplained—lacks the basic determinants of scientific work and thus cannot be a valid ground for the reception of Jan Amos Komenský, either for the reader-expert or for the general reader. From the editorial point of view, the edition does not provide clear information about the original text, and there is no editorial report or comment on individual passages of the original / translation, e.g. unravelling citations in the original—all of which have been the standard knowledge repertoire of scientific editions of sources, even scholarly critical editions of translations since the early 19th century. The edition is not based on the scientific publication Dílo Jana Amose Komenského 15/1 (Academia: Praha, 1986), which since its publication has been the primary textual base for every reader-expert’s understanding of The Great Didactic and a mandatory textual starting point for re-creative reception in the form of translation. The analysed edition does not include comments, and since it only provides translation without any additional knowledge apparatus, it cannot be considered as popularizing either. The current situation impedes a full reception of Komenský and indicates the need to prepare a new critical translated edition of his selected didactic writings, where optimal results could be achieved by collaboration of experts from various disciplines (different branches of historiography, didactics, pedagogy, history of science). The edition should be 1) written in modern literary language and based on the historical-critical edition of Dílo Jana Amosa Komenského. 2) It should include selected fundamental didactic writings of Komenský, 3) obligatory editorial and translation report, 4) explanatory comments and translations, and 5) European studies on Komenský in his time, as well as 6) discussions on the reception of Komenský in Slovenia. Keywords: Komenský (Comenius), Didactica magna (The Great Didactic), reception, editology, edition

‘One Can’t Help Shuddering at the Sight of the Ruin of This Thriving Town’: The Great Fire in Yeniseisk and Its Consequences. 1869-1870

2018 ◽  
pp. 483-494
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Gonina ◽  
◽  
Anna P. Dvoretskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Krasnoyarsk Krai ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town

This archive draws on archival sources to study the Great Fire in Yeniseysk in 1869 and its consequences for development of this northern provincial town. The research derives its novelty from the first publication of documents of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Krai and that of the Irkutsk Region, which describe measures of fire response and name benefactors. Historical approach allows to place specific patterns of local community in the context of social history of the 20th century. Anthropological approach allows to identify means and modes of surviving in a natural disaster. The fire clamed about 200 lives, destroyed all wooden buildings in the town, and disrupted daily activities of more than 7 thousand Yeniseysk citizens. At present, such disasters are considered as more than just local disasters. From the religious point of view, such natural disasters disrupt the balance and harmony of the God's world and require worldwide effort to set it to rights. The case-study of the Yeniseysk community concludes that actions of a person within the fire storm were determined not just by self-preservation, but also by responsibility for the lives of those around them. People appealed to church for help. Many Yeniseysk priests rose to the occasion as their vocation demanded. The archival documents show how rapidly the nation responded to the disaster. The case-study of Yeniseysk in 1869-1871 demonstrates an array of measures aiming to attract external resources. The activities were based on Christian principles of communal spirit and charity, community help and civic cooperation in joined efforts of state and public institutions, private and corporate donors. The article concludes that effective moneyed assistance and social support significantly decreased the severity of losses.

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