Human Epididymis: Structural Pattern, Total Length and Inner Surface Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalanghot P. Skandhan ◽  
Ashutosh Soni ◽  
Anantkumar Joshi ◽  
Kalanghot P.S. Avni ◽  
Bansi Dhar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Structural Pattern ◽  
Single Tube ◽  
Human Epididymis ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Dead Bodies ◽  
Different Levels

Introduction The organ epididymis is secured the name considering it functioned as an appendix to the testis; earlier testis was called as didymi. Regarding the length of human epididymis, several values are attributed by different authors. The present study was aimed to find out the pattern, total length and inner surface area of human epididymis. Materials and Methods The study was conducted by employing microsurgical procedures on five testes from unclaimed human dead bodies. Results Caput was formed by few tubes interconnecting at three levels. These tubes led to corpus, which in turn was having more number of tubes interconnecting at different levels. Tubules were many looking like a mesh. United tubes of corpus form the single tube to form cauda. Epididymis length was 30.48 cm. Inner surface area was 818.16 mm2. Conclusions Reported values of others seem to be a modified version from that of animals. Authors believe that organic revolutionary changes in man led to a reduction in the length of epididymis.

scholarly journals A comparison of methods to estimate harvest-induced damage to the soil using the example of a beech timber stand

2014 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-251
Author(s):  
Dariusz Kulak
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Farm Tractor ◽  
Damage Indicators ◽  
Soil Disturbances ◽  
Different Order ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract The study determines the extent of soil disturbances occurring during mechanised harvesting operations in a beech timber stand and investigates whether applying different research methods can be used to classify, in a comparable way, forest areas with different levels of soil damage. In the analysed stand, felling and on-side processing were conducted with chainsaws, while extraction - using an farm tractor. After the completion of logging operations, visible soil disturbances on each sample plot were measured, including surface area, volume and depth, and the value of five most common indicators of soil damage was calculated. The share of disturbed surface area, the volume of soil disturbances and different soil damage indicators allowed sample plots to be arranged in the same way according to increasing levels of soil damage occurring during harvesting. A different order was observed only in relation to the depth of the ruts formed. The similarity of the applied measures and classifications of soil disturbances indicates that all of the methods can be applied to make simple comparisons of the degree of soil damage. Because field trials are easy to perform, soil damage indicators based on a visual assessment of soil condition, without the need to take measurements, are worth recommending at first. A fuller picture of the level and nature of detected soil damage, however, can be obtained by taking into account the depth of the disturbance.

scholarly journals Environmental Nanoparticles Interactions with Plants: Morphological, Physiological, and Genotoxic Aspects

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Remédios ◽  
F. Rosário ◽  
V. Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Environmental Catalysis ◽  
Growth Area ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Reliable Methods ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Scientific Growth

Nanoparticles (NPs) are characterized by their small size (less than 100 nm) and large surface area, which confer specific physicochemical properties as strength, electrical, and optical features. NPs can be derived from natural or anthropic sources, such as engineered or unwanted/incidental NPs. The composition, dimension, and morphology of engineered NPs enable their use in a variety of areas, such as electronic, biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, energy, environmental, catalysis, and materials science. As nanotechnology is an innovative and scientific growth area with an exponential production, more information is needed concerning the impacts of these nanomaterials (NMs) in the environment and, particularly, in animals/humans health and in plants performance. So, research on NPs as emerging contaminants is therefore a new field in environmental health. This minireview describes, briefly, the NPs characterization and their occurrence in the environment stating air, water, and soil. Finally, particular emphasis is given to the interaction of NPs with plants at different levels: morphology, physiology, and genotoxicity. By analyzing this compiled information, it is evident that research on NPs phytotoxicity is in the beginning, and more comprehensive studies are needed not only on NPs cytotoxicity and genotoxicity but also on the best and the most reliable methods of assessing NPs toxicity.

Optimized skeletal morphologies of silicoflagellate generaDictyochaandDistephanus

Paleobiology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin McCartney ◽  
David E. Loper
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Simple Mathematical Model ◽  
Similar Model ◽  
Skeletal Morphology ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Internal Volume

Several groups of siliceous microorganisms possess a skeletal latticework of interconnected rods. Skeletal configurations of one of these groups, the silicoflagellates, can be produced by a simple mathematical model that minimizes the apical surface area for a given basal area and internal volume. A similar model that minimizes the total length of the skeletal elements, and thus the silica utilization and skeletal weight, produces configurations that are generally less common in silicoflagellates. The diversity of silicoflagellate skeletal morphologies suggests that both the minimization of apical surface area and the conservation of skeletal material may be important factors in skeletal design. The two most important morphologies found in modern oceans, the four-sidedDictyochaand the six-sidedDistephanus, can co-occur in an environment where both factors have some relative importance. However, these models do not explain the range of silicoflagellate skeletal morphology found in nature.

Increasing the surface area of TiO2 nanotube membranes by filling the channels with onion type carbon materials and TiCl4 for dye-sensitized solar cells

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (90) ◽  
pp. 74107-74114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho-sub Kim ◽  
Jung Sang Suh
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Power Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ◽  
Dye Sensitized ◽  
Nanotube Membranes ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Sensitized Solar Cells

We have significantly enhanced the power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO2 nanotube membranes by increasing the inner surface area of the channels.

The ultrastructure of the cysticercoid of Tatria octacantha Rees, 1973 (Cyclophyllidea: Amabiliidae) from the haemocoele of the damsel-fly nymphs Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz and Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Dense Material ◽  
Central Cavity ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Inner Surface

The cysticercoid of Tatria octacantha Rees, 1973 from the haemocoele of damsel-fly nymphs consists of an outer and inner cyst. The tegument of the outer surface of the outer cyst bears long slender microvilli which increase the surface area presumably for absorption. The tegument on the inner surface bears electron-dense microvilli and contains vesicles embedded in an electron-dense material. The contents of the vesicles resemble those of the central cavity in which the inner cyst floats freely. Nutrients absorbed by the outer cyst pass into the central cavity where they are available to the inner cyst.

Swinging high and low: Why do the testes hang at different levels? Questioning the theory on surface area and thermoregulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stany W. Lobo ◽  
Ritesh G. Menezes ◽  
K.S. Muhammed Sameer ◽  
Tanuj Kanchan ◽  
B. Suresh Kumar Shetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Different Levels

Size Isn't Everything: The Effects of Size and Brightness of Retroreflective Materials on Nighttime Conspicuity

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (22) ◽  
pp. 1931-1934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Cassidy ◽  
Brian E. Brooks ◽  
Nathan J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Human Form ◽  
The Road ◽  
Passenger Seat ◽  
Light Area ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Accident Scene

To increase their level of conspicuity, emergency response personnel wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) with retroreflective materials. That is, retroreflective materials increase the probability that oncoming motorists will see them. The goal of the current study was to provide empirical evidence regarding the relative nighttime conspicuity of conventional-trim retroreflective patterned garments (which have retroreflective material concentrated on specific portions of the garment) and area-retroreflective patterned garments (which have retroreflective material distributed evenly across the surface area of the garments). The question of interest was whether trim and area-reflective garments that reflect the same amount of light (i.e., equal RI values) provide equivalent conspicuity. At night, subjects seated in the passenger seat of cars approaching a live simulated roadway accident scene attempted to detect and recognize a human form in the road. Across three different levels of RI, the results demonstrate that when area reflective and trim garments reflect the same overall amount of light, area reflective garments provide lower levels of conspicuity than do conventional trim garments. These results suggest that, under the conditions of the current study, the brightness per unit area of retroreflective material needs to be considered rather than simply considering the total brightness of the garment independent of the size of the retroreflective surface-area.

Limitations of Using Otoliths Recovered in Scats to Estimate Prey Consumption in Seals

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1439-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack da Silva ◽  
John D. Neilson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Harbor Seal ◽  
Phoca Vitulina ◽  
Prey Consumption ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Partial Digestion

Of three length classes of herring, Clupea harengus (30–35, 20–25, and [Formula: see text] total length), fed to a captive harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, otoliths were recovered only from herring 30–35 cm long; of these otoliths only 4% were recovered. Using surface area to volume ratios of otoliths, other fish species were predicted to be similarly underrepresented in scats. After digestion, otoliths showed fewer annuli and a reduction in length and width. Herring otoliths in harbor seal scats indicated the consumption of large herring ([Formula: see text] total length) only and could not be used to estimate numbers of prey consumed. The partial digestion of herring otoliths will result in underestimates of fish age, length, and weight if calculations are based on standard relationships between these parameters and measurements from undigested otoliths.

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