Bioengineered hemodialysis access grafts

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S56-S63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M. Gage ◽  
Jeffrey H. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
World Population ◽  
Hemodialysis Access ◽  
Manufacturing Efficiency ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Hemodialysis Vascular Access ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aging World ◽  
Vascular Replacement

There is a need for bioengineered therapies to improve the overall health of the growing and aging world population. Patients with renal failure have a life-long requirement for a durable form of hemodialysis vascular access. In this article, we review the history of tissue engineering as it pertains to bioengineered grafts and vessels for hemodialysis access. Over the years, various strategies have been utilized to develop ideal, humanized vessels for vascular replacement such as fixation of animal or human vessels, cell seeding of synthetic materials, and the synthesis of completely autologous or allogeneic bioengineered vessels. Tissue engineering technologies from two companies have progressed to reach phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials, but the prospect of newer strategies on the horizon may offer improved manufacturing efficiency, a greater variety of conduit size and length, and reduce the cost to produce.

scholarly journals Energy-demographic history of the modern civilization

POPULATION ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-153
Author(s):  
Vladimir Tetelmin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
World Population ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
World Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

The continuous increase in human energy production per caput is accompanied by an increase in the world population. The work considers the demographic history of civilization as a function of the growing production and use of the energy by mankind. The evolution in the «energy-man» system took place relatively safely for the biosphere and a man up to the value of the per caput energy consumption of 11,000 kW*h/year*person that was achieved by civilization in 1950. Modern high per caput energy consumption of civilization is achieved at the cost of the loss of the environment-forming functioning by the biosphere and at the cost of the loss of the psychophysical health of a person. We can see the prospects for development of civilization through analysis of the energy-demographic history of mankind over the past 200 years. The features of fertility and mortality in the world are considered depending on the per caput energy consumption with a forecast for the future. Two limits to the growth of global energy production were formulated in terms of preventing harm to humans. Corresponding analytical dependencies are proposed. To prevent an ecological and demographic catastrophe and ensure transition of civilization to sustainable development, it is proposed to reduce the world energy production to 140*1012 kW*h/year with a decrease in per caput energy consumption to a relatively safe level of 18,000 kW*h/year*person, which existed in society in 1970. After this «step back» civilization will enter a state of relatively safe existence.

An Insight on Silk Protein Sericin: From Processing to Biomedical Application

Drug Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (06) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farogh Ahsan ◽  
Tarique Ansari ◽  
Shazia Usmani ◽  
Paramdeep Bagga
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSilks are naturally occurring polymers that have been used clinically as sutures for hundreds of years. It’s so for obtained from insects or worms, silk consists of a filament core protein, termed fibroin, and a glue-like coating made up of sericin proteins. An important component of silk has an extended history of being discarded as a waste in the course of silk processing. The cost of sericin for tissue engineering is underestimated and its capability in using as regenerative remedy has simply began to be explored. Its variable amino acid composition and various functional groups confer upon it attractive bioactive proteins, which are particularly interesting for biomedical programs. Because of its antioxidant properties, moisturizing ability, and mitogenic effect on mammalian cells, sericin is beneficial in cell regeneration and tissue engineering. Research shows that keratinocytes and fibroblasts have brought about the improvement of sericin-primarily based biomaterials for skin tissue repair, in particular as wound dressings. Moreover, sericin may be used for bone tissue engineering due to its ability to set off nucleation of bone-like hydroxyapatite. Stable silk sericin biomaterials, as films, sponges, and hydrogels, are obtained by means of cross-linking, ethanol precipitation, or mixing with different polymers. Now a day, sericin may also be used for delivery of drugs due to its chemical reactivity and pH-responsiveness which facilitate the fabrication of nano and microparticles, hydrogels, and conjugated molecules, enhancing the bioactivity of drugs. In this review, we outlined the current headways from extraction of sericin till its physical properties and biomedical applications.

Immunotheraphy in Allergic Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1174-1194
Author(s):  
Albert Roger ◽  
Maria Basagana ◽  
Aina Teniente-Serra ◽  
Nathalie Depreux ◽  
Yanina Jurgens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
World Population ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ige Mediated ◽  
Special Case

The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing worldwide. It is estimated that more than 30% of the world population is now affected by one or more allergic conditions and a high proportion of this increase is in young people. The diagnosis of allergy is dependent on a history of symptoms on exposure to an allergen together with the detection of allergen-specific IgE. Accurate diagnosis of allergies opens up therapeutic options. Allergen specific immunotherapy is the only successful disease-modifying therapy for IgE-mediated allergic diseases. New therapeutic strategies have been developed or are currently under clinical trials. Besides new routes of administration, new types of allergens are being developed. The use of adjuvants may amplify the immune response towards tolerance to the antigens. In this review, we analyze different antigen-specific immunotherapies according to administration route, type of antigens and adjuvants, and we address the special case of food allergy.

This Is an Abridged Account of Delhi Which Is an Old City and One of the Chosen Ones amongst the Cities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirza Sangin Beg
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Work Spaces ◽  
History Of ◽  
English East India Company ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
Cost Of Construction

The second part of the translation has three segments. The first is dedicated to the history of Delhi from the time of the Mahabharat to the periods of Anangpal Tomar to the Mughal Emperor Humayun as also Sher Shah, the Afghan ruler. In the second and third segments Mirza Sangin Beg adroitly navigates between twin centres of power in the city. He writes about Qila Mubarak, or the Red Fort, and gives an account of the several buildings inside it and the cost of construction of the same. He ambles into the precincts and mentions the buildings constructed by Shahjahan and other rulers, associating them with some specific inmates of the fort and the functions performed within them. When the author takes a walk in the city of Shahjahanabad, he writes of numerous residents, habitations of rich, poor, and ordinary people, their mansions and localities, general and specialized bazars, the in different skills practised areas, places of worship and revelry, processions exemplifying popular culture and local traditions, and institutions that had a resonance in other cultures. The Berlin manuscript gives generous details of the officials of the English East India Company, both native and foreign, their professions, and work spaces. Mirza Sangin Beg addresses the issue of qaum most unselfconsciously and amorphously.

scholarly journals P129 The utility of routine operative swab culture in uncomplicated peri-anal abscesses

BJS Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Apoorva Khajuria ◽  
Tuba Rahim ◽  
Mariam Baig ◽  
Kai Leong ◽  
Apoorva Khajuria
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Perianal Abscess ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Incision And Drainage ◽  
Common Presentation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Operative Findings ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract Introduction Despite perianal abscess being a common presentation, certain aspects of its management remain controversial, especially the routine use of intra-operative swab cultures. Methods A retrospective review of patients that underwent incision and drainage procedures for a perianal abscess over a six-month period was undertaken. Results Over 6 months, 50 patients were identified. The male to female ratio was 3:1 and median ASA score was 1. Only 6/50 patients presented with recurrent abscess and 1 patient had history of inflammatory bowel disease. On the basis of operative findings, 39 patients (78%) had uncomplicated abscess (not associated with cellulitis, sinus or fistula); swab cultures were performed in 26 (67%) of these patients. All patients were discharged on the same day; microbiology reports did not impact the treatment and no patients were followed up in clinic post-operatively or presented with recurrence. The number of unnecessary microbiology swabs undertaken in this cohort equates to approximately 52 unnecessary swabs a year. The cost of one swab is £10.10p, which means £520 could potentially be saved annually. Conclusion Routine intra-operative swab cultures do not impact management decisions, add to unnecessary costs and therefore should not be undertaken in uncomplicated or first presentation of peri-anal abscesses.

Empowering and Directive Leadership: The Cost of Changing Styles

2021 ◽  
pp. 227853372110083
Author(s):  
Smita Mukherjee ◽  
Zubin R. Mulla
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Team Outcomes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Satisfaction With The Leader ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time

We examine the cost of leaders changing between empowering and directive leadership styles on team outcomes. In a laboratory experiment, we collected data from 240 participants in 80 teams. Confederates enacted different leadership styles and led teams of participants in performing a series of tasks. When leaders changed their style from directive to empowering, teams took time to respond in terms of higher satisfaction with leader and affective commitment. However, when leaders changed their style from empowering to directive, the deterioration of satisfaction with leader and reduction in affective commitment were immediate. Moreover, teams of leaders who had been consistently directive showed higher affective commitment as compared to teams of leaders who had a history of being empowering but later shifted to being directive. First time managers can get inputs on how they should enact their leadership style and be aware that switching between styles may impose long-term costs on the team’s affective commitment and satisfaction with the leader.

scholarly journals Evaluation of whole-body modalities for diagnosis of multifocal osteonecrosis—a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunichi Yokota ◽  
Keita Sakamoto ◽  
Yukie Shimizu ◽  
Tsuyoshi Asano ◽  
Daisuke Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Data ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hematologic Disease ◽  
Hip Joints ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Examination Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Body Bone

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the ability of whole-body bone scintigraphy (WB-BS) in the detection of multifocal osteonecrosis (ON) compared to whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) and to clarify the characteristics of patients with multifocal ON among those with ON of the femoral head (ONFH) using WB-MRI. Methods Forty-six patients who had symptomatic ONFH and underwent surgery in our hospital from April 2019 to October 2020 were included in the study. Data on patient demographics, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), history of corticosteroid intake, alcohol abuse, smoking, and symptomatic joints, were collected from their medical records. All patients underwent WB-MRI and WB-BS before surgery. Results The agreement in the detection of ON by WB-MRI vs the uptake lesions by WB-BS in the hip joints was moderate (κ = 0.584), while that in other joints was low (κ < 0.40). Among the 152 joints with ON detected by WB-MRI, 92 joints (60.5%) were symptomatic, and 60 joints (39.5%) were asymptomatic. Twelve out of the 46 (26.0%) patients had multifocal (three or more distinct anatomical sites) ON. Nonetheless, while WB-BS detected symptomatic ON detected by WB-MRI as uptake lesions in 82.6% (76/92) of the joints, asymptomatic ON detected by WB-MRI was detected as uptake lesions in 21.7% (13/60) of the joints. All patients with multifocal ON had a history of steroid therapy, which was significantly higher than that in patients with oligofocal ON (P = 0.035). The patients with a hematologic disease had multifocal ON at a higher rate (P = 0.015). Conclusions It might be difficult for WB-BS to detect the asymptomatic ON detected by WB-MRI compared to symptomatic ON. Considering the cost, examination time, and radiation exposure, WB-MRI might be useful for evaluating multifocal ON. Larger longitudinal studies evaluating the benefits of WB-MRI for detecting the risk factors for multifocal ON are required.

scholarly journals In the service of secrecy: An enveloped history of priority, proof and patents

2021 ◽  
pp. 135918352110288
Author(s):  
Eva Hemmungs Wirtén
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Property System ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Propriété Industrielle ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Double Envelope ◽  
Double Compartment

This article is about an everyday paper object: an envelope. However, as opposed to most other flat paper containers, the enveloppe Soleau can only be bought from L’Institut national de la propriété industrielle (INPI) in Paris. At the cost of €15 you get a perforated, double-compartment envelope allowing you to constitute proof of creation and assign a precise date to your idea or project. But the enveloppe Soleau is something much more than just a simple and cheap way by which you can prove priority in any creative domain. It is a material footprint anchored to centuries of practices associated with disclosure and secrecy, a gateway into the infrastructure of the intellectual property system and its complicated relationship to the forms of knowledge it purports to hold. The purpose of this article is to consider the making of the enveloppe Soleau as a bureaucratic document, a material device performing a particular kind of legal paperwork. In four different vignettes, the article tracks the material becoming of the enveloppe Soleau as an evidentiary receptacle, beginning by going back to early modern practices of secrecy and priority, continuing with its consolidation in two patents (from 1910 and 1911) to the inventor Eugène Soleau (1852–1929), and ending up, in 2016, dematerialized in the e-Soleau. As a bureaucratic document, the enveloppe Soleau shows just how much work a mundane paper object can perform, navigating a particular materiality (a patented double envelope); formalized processes of proof (where perforations have legal significance); the practices of double archiving (in an institution and with the individual) and strict temporal limitations (a decade). Ultimately, the enveloppe Soleau travels between the material and immaterial, between private and public, between secrecy and disclosure, but also between what we perceive of as the outside and inside of the intellectual property system.

Diplomacy Beyond History: Analytic-Violence, Producer-Centred Research, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097492842098307
Author(s):  
Deep K. Datta-Ray
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Nuclear Diplomacy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Insight Into

The history of Indian diplomacy conceptualises diplomacy racially—as invented by the West—and restrictively—to offence. This is ‘analytic-violence’ and it explains the berating of Indians for mimicking diplomacy incorrectly or unthinkingly, and the deleting, dismissing, or denigrating, of diplomatic practices contradicting history’s conception. To relieve history from these offences, a new method is presented, ‘Producer-Centred Research’ (PCR). Initiating with abduction, an insight into a problem—in this case Indian diplomacy’s compromised historicisation—PCR solves it by converting history’s racist rationality into ‘rationalities’. The plurality renders rationality one of many, permitting PCR’s searching for rationalities not as a function of rationality but robust practices explicable in producer’s terms. Doing so is exegesis. It reveals India’s nuclear diplomacy as unique, for being organised by defence, not offence. Moreover, offence’s premise of security as exceeding opponent’s hostility renders it chimerical for such a security is, paradoxically, reliant on expanding arsenals. Additionally, doing so is a response to opponents. This fragments sovereignty and abdicates control for one is dependent on opponent’s choices. Defence, however, does not instigate opponents and so really delivers security by minimising arsenals since offence is eschewed. Doing so is not a response to opponents and so maintains sovereignty and retains control by denying others the right to offense. The cost of defence is courage, for instance, choosing to live in the shadow of nuclear annihilation. Exegesis discloses Balakot as a shift from defence to offence, so to relieve the Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) leadership of having to be courageous. The intensity of the intention to discard courage is apparent in the price the BJP paid. This included equating India with Pakistan, permitting it to escalate the conflict, and so imperiling all humanity in a manner beyond history.

Pharmacoeconomic Considerations in Treatment Options for Acute Seizures

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S27-S29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Graves
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Event Management ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Data ◽  
Acute Seizures ◽  
Rectal Diazepam ◽  
Adverse Event Management ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cluster Seizures ◽  
The Cost

Two pharmacoeconomic studies on the treatment of acute seizures have been conducted. In 1991, Kriel and colleagues surveyed parents of children with a history of cluster seizures, prolonged seizures, or status epilepticus who had been instructed in the use of rectal diazepam. A comparison of data before instruction with data after instruction showed a reduced need for emergency department visits with rectal diazepam. Instruction thus provided a pharmacoeconomic benefit, despite the cost of the product. In 1996, Marchetti and coworkers found that intravenous fosphenytoin was associated with fewer adverse events than intravenous phenytoin. Fosphenytoin thus reduced the need for adverse event management and provided a substantial pharmacoeconomic benefit, despite its higher cost, compared with phenytoin. This study had a number of limitations, however, and hospital pharmacists remain resistant to the use of fosphenytoin. Additional studies may provide more pharmacoeconomic data to support the greater use of fosphenytoin in the treatment of acute pediatric seizures. (J Child Neurol 1998;13(Suppl 1):S27-S29).

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