Analysis of Aldrin, Endosulfan and Heptachlor epoxide in Cowpea from South-West Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
E.E. Odion ◽  
◽  
O.J. Abolagba ◽  
J.O. Igene ◽  
S.F. Usifoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
South West ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Mean Concentration

Background: Pesticides are applied on cowpeas to reduce the losses incurred to the attack by Callosobruchus maculatus which adversely affect its production and storage. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the mean concentration of heptachlor epoxide, aldrin and endosulfan in randomly collected cowpeas obtained from local markets in South-West states of Nigeria and compare the mean concentration with the maximum residual limit (MRL) set by the regulatory body. Method: Seventy-six samples of cowpeas were collected from from local markets within the study area, pulverised, extracted with dichloromethane, cleaned-up and analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) for aldrin, endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide. Results: The experiment showed that aldrin, endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide are widely used in South-West for preservation of cowpea. Mean concentration of aldrin (406.8±0.12 μg/kg) in Bodija market, Oyo state, was observed to be the highest. The market in Ile Epo market, Lagos state, was observed to have the highest mean concentration for endosulfan (315±0.164 μg/kg) while Okitipupa market, Ogun state, recorded a mean concentration for heptachlor epoxide (156±6.23 μg/kg), which is the highest. Conclusion: This shows that aldrin, endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide are used in the storage of cowpeas long after they were labelled probable carcinogens and their mean concentrations were above the MRL set by USEPA. Thus there is need for regular monitoring to be conducted on cowpeas for organochlorines.

Stability of Bortezomib 1-mg/mL Solution in Plastic Syringe and Glass Vial

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1462-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal André ◽  
Salvatore Cisternino ◽  
Fouad Chiadmi ◽  
Audrey Toledano ◽  
Joël Schlatter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Plastic Syringe ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Antineoplastic Chemotherapy

BACKGROUND: The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ), used in antineoplastic chemotherapy, must be diluted in NaCl 0.9% for injection and stored for no more than 3 hours in a syringe or 8 hours in a vial. Better information on its stability could improve storage. OBJECTIVE: To assess the stability of BTZ solution (1 mg/mL) in syringes and vials. METHODS: BTZ 1-mg/mL solutions were prepared by adding sterile NaCl 0.9% to Velcade vials containing 3.5 mg of lyophilized BTZ. Syringes were filled with 1 mL of solution and stored in the dark at 5 °C or 60 °C; others were not protected from light and stored at 22 °C. Velcade vials containing 1 mL of solution were stored at 5 °C in the dark. Samples were taken at various times over 23 days and assayed in duplicate. An HPLC method for assaying the stability of BTZ was validated. Appearance and pH were recorded. RESULTS: There was no color change or precipitation in the samples, and the pH was stable. Oxidation, light, and storage temperature all affected the chemical stability of BTZ. The mean concentrations of BTZ in syringes stored for 2, 3, and 5 days at 60, 22, and 5 °C were >95% of the initial concentration. The mean concentration of BTZ in vials stored for 5 days at 5 °C was >95% of the initial concentration. CONCLUSIONS: BTZ stored refrigerated in vials or syringes and protected from light is chemically stable for 5 days after reconstitution.

scholarly journals Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of some Organochlorine Pesticides in Cowpea from South-South of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Eimiomodebheki Odion ◽  
Stella Folajole Usifoh ◽  
Joel Okhumen Abolagba ◽  
John Oamen Igene ◽  
Cyril Odianose Usifoh
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Background: Organochlorine pesticides used illegally in the storage of cowpeas by some farmers to prevent attack by weevils were known to affect the health of human adversely. Objectives: This study determined the mean concentration of aldrin, o,p΄-DDT, endosulfan, heptachlor epoxide and γ-HCH collected from some markets in South-South of Nigeria, compared these concentrations with set standards and ascertained the incidence of occurrence in cowpeas.  Methods: Forty-eight samples of cowpeas were randomly collected from local markets, identified, authenticated, extracted with dichloromethane using Soxhlet apparatus, cleaned-up with silica gel and analysed in a GC-MS using Restek column. Results: The mean concentration of aldrin (445.08±6.43) µg/kg, heptachlor epoxide (188.84±3.42) µg/kg, o,p΄-DDT (182.24±5.13) µg/kg, endosulfan (142.94±2.05) µg/kg and γ-HCH (243.90±4.01) µg/kg in some markets were high and above the maximum residual limit. Conclusion: Organochlorine pesticides are used in most of the markets in south-south Nigeria for the preservation of cowpeas and in some cases, two or more were detected in a given sample, which could be due to the addition of a combination of pesticides. The need for regular monitoring by regulatory agencies and for sensitisation of both the farmers and merchants on the danger of using these pesticides in cowpeas preservation is therefore germane.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS OF HYPERTENSION AMONG ADULTS IN A SEMI URBAN COMMUNITY IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Bamidele Sanya Osalusi ◽  
Lukman Ogunjimi ◽  
Ale Ayotunde Uantioje Ikhifa ◽  
Olawale Afe T.O Ogunsemi ◽  
Olufunke Adeleye
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
South West ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Risks Factors ◽  
The Mean

Recent studies have shown an increasing trend in the prevalence of hypertension in rural communities. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of risks factors for hypertension among the residents of Likosi town, Sagamu local government area, Ogun state, Nigeria. A descriptive crosssectional design was used. 350 respondents aged from 20-80 years were recruited. Hypertension was defined as Systolic blood pressure (SBP) 140 and/or Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90. statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS package. The prevalence of hypertension was 23.3% (male 11.2% and female 12.1%). The mean age of the respondents was 37.5years. Mean systolic and diastolic BP were 124.25 ± 15.05mmHg and 83.45 ± 9.49mmHg, respectively. Higher odds of being hypertensive were found in 31-40 age group,   The prevalence of the various classes of body mass index of the respondents were 18.5%, 45.1%, 15.1% and 24.3% for underweight, normal, overweight and obese respectively. Alcohol and tobacco use were found in 34.5% and 15.4% respectively. Hypertension was significantly associated with age groups 30-49 years (OR 2.258, 95% CI: 1.311 - 3.884),. Tobacco and alcohol consumption, overweight and obesity were also associated with hypertension

Instant 99mTc-Labelled Glucoheptonate Kit for Kidney Imaging

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Al-Hilli ◽  
H. M. A. Karim ◽  
M. H. S. Al-Hissoni ◽  
M. N. Jassim ◽  
N. H. Agha
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
Scintillation Camera ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kidney Imaging ◽  
Mean Concentration

Gelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc, 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-chelate in a 99mTc-glucoheptonate (GH) preparation. A stable high labelling yield of 99mTc-GH complex in the radiopharmaceutical has been obtained with a concentration of 40-50 mg of glucoheptonic acid-calcium salt and not less than 0.45 mg of SnCl2 2 H2O at an optimal pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The stability of the complex has been found significantly affected when sodium hydroxide solution was used for the pH adjustment. However, an alternative procedure for final pH adjustment of the preparation has been investigated providing a stable complex for the usual period of time prior to the injection. The organ distribution and the blood clearance data of 99mTc-GH in rabbits were relatively similar to those reported earlier. The mean concentration of the radiopharmaceutical in both kidneys has been studied in normal subjects for one hour with a scintillation camera and the results were satisfactory.

PROGESTERONE IN THE HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN THE PREOVULATORY PERIOD OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1967 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benno Runnebaum ◽  
Josef Zander
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Graafian Follicle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

ABSTRACT Progesterone was determined and identified in human peripheral blood during the preovulatory period of the menstrual cycle, by combined isotope derivative and recrystallization analysis. The mean concentration of progesterone in 1.095 ml of plasma obtained 9 days before ovulation was 0.084 μg/100 ml. However, the mean concentration of progesterone in 1.122 ml of plasma obtained 4 days before ovulation was 0.279 μg/100 ml. These data demonstrate a source of progesterone secretion other than the corpus luteum. The higher plasma-progesterone concentration 4 days before ovulation may indicate progesterone secretion of the ripening Graafian follicle of the ovary.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Inflammation Markers (CRP, IL-6, sCD40L) and Colorectal Cancer Stage, Grade, Size and Location

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1382
Author(s):  
Olga Martyna Koper-Lenkiewicz ◽  
Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska ◽  
Anna Justyna Milewska ◽  
Justyna Zińczuk ◽  
Joanna Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Grade Group ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The aim of the study was the evaluation whether in primary colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (n = 55): age, sex, TNM classification results, WHO grade, tumor location (proximal colon, distal colon, rectum), tumor size, platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), mean platelet component (MCP), levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen (CA 19-9), as well as soluble lectin adhesion molecules (L-, E-, and P-selectins) may influence circulating inflammatory biomarkers: IL-6, CRP, and sCD40L. We found that CRP concentration evaluation in routine clinical practice may have an advantage as a prognostic biomarker in CRC patients, as this protein the most comprehensively reflects clinicopathological features of the tumor. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that in CRC patients: (1) with an increase in PLT by 10 × 103/μL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 3.4%; (2) with an increase in CA 19-9 of 1 U/mL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 0.7%; (3) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 3.631 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (4) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases by 4.916 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (5) with metastases (T1-4N+M+) the mean CRP concentration increases 4.183 times compared to non-metastatic patients (T1-4N0M0); (6) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 2.175 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (7) in patients with tumor size > 3 cm, the CRP concentration is about 2 times higher than in patients with tumor size ≤ 3 cm. In the multivariate linear regression model, the variables that influence the mean CRP value in CRC patients included: WHO grade and tumor localization. R2 for the created model equals 0.50, which indicates that this model explains 50% of the variance in the dependent variable. In CRC subjects: (1) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration rises 3.924 times relative to the WHO 1 grade; (2) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 4.721 times in relation to the WHO 1 grade; (3) with a tumor located in the rectum, the mean CRP concentration rises 2.139 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (4) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 1.998 times compared to the tumor located in the distal colon; if other model parameters are fixed.

scholarly journals Eggs viability of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera, Culicidae) under different environmental and storage conditions in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Soares-Pinheiro ◽  
W. Dasso-Pinheiro ◽  
J. M. Trindade-Bezerra ◽  
W. P. Tadei
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Type ◽  
Hatching Rates

Abstract The viability of Aedes aegypti eggs was assessed in the Amazon region. The eggs were maintained under different conditions: indoors (insectarium) and outdoors (natural environment), as well as in different storage types (plastic cup, paper envelope, plastic bag) for different days. Egg viability was measured as the mean of hatchings observed from egg-bearing sheets of filter paper immersed in water, using three sheets randomly selected from each storage type and at both sites. There were significant differences in the viability of Ae. aegypti eggs with respect to the location (F=30.40; DF=1; P<0.0001), storage type (F=17.66; DF=2; P<0.0001), and time of storage (F=49.56; DF=9; P<0.0001). The interaction between storage site versus storage type was also significant (F=15.96; DF=2; P<0.0001). A higher hatching mean was observed for the eggs kept in the insectarium than for those outdoors (32.38 versus 7.46). Hatching rates of egg batches stored for 12 to 61 days ranged between 84 and 90%. A reduction was observed between 89 and 118 days, with values of 63 and 48%, respectively. With respect to type of storage, mean egg hatching was higher for the eggs in plastic cups (44.46). It was concluded that the viability of the eggs of Ae. aegypti in the Amazon region remains high up to 4 months, after which it declines drastically, although in this study hatching occurred for up to 8 months in very low percentages.

Evaluation of heavy metals content in the canned/packed fruit juices from local and imported origin in Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazeefa Fatima ◽  
Munazza Khan ◽  
Muhammad Shuaib Kabeer
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

This study was conducted to determine the mean concentration of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in canned/packed fruits juices, collected from various stores in Lahore in a period of three months. These juices were categorized into four groups; local packed and canned and also imported packed and canned products. Every group consisted of ten samples. By using the di-acid digestion method, the collected samples were digested and analyzed under Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results indicated that the mean values of 7 out of 9 tested heavy metals including Pb, Mg, Ni, Fe, Cr, Se and Mn were above permissible limits (set by WHO) in all four understudy groups. Therefore, it was concluded that commercially available fruit juices are not all safe according to their heavy metals content for the human consumption despite their nutritive values.

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