scholarly journals NetXplain: Real-time explainability of graph neural networks applied to networking

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
David Pujol-Perich ◽  
Jos� Su�rez-Varela ◽  
Shihan Xiao ◽  
Bo Wu ◽  
Albert Cabellos-Aparicio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Network Optimization ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Data Networks ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Complex Optimization ◽  
Graph Neural Networks ◽  
Qos Metrics

Recent advancements in Deep Learning (DL) have revolutionized the way we can efficiently tackle complex optimization problems. However, existing DL-based solutions are often considered as black boxes with high inner complexity. As a result, there is still certain skepticism among the networking industry about their practical viability to operate data networks. In this context, explainability techniques have recently emerged to unveil why DL models make each decision. This paper focuses on the explainability of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) applied to networking. GNNs are a novel DL family with unique properties to generalize over graphs. As a result, they have shown unprecedented performance to solve complex network optimization problems. This paper presents NetXplain, a novel real-time explainability solution that uses a GNN to interpret the output produced by another GNN. In the evaluation, we apply the proposed explainability method to RouteNet, a GNN model that predicts end-to-end QoS metrics in networks. We show that NetXplain operates more than 3 orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art explainability solutions when applied to networks up to 24 nodes, which makes it compatible with real-time applications; while demonstrating strong capabilities to generalize to network scenarios not seen during training.

scholarly journals SketchGNN: Semantic Sketch Segmentation with Graph Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lumin Yang ◽  
Jiajie Zhuang ◽  
Hongbo Fu ◽  
Xiangzhi Wei ◽  
Kun Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Graph Neural Networks ◽  
Node Labels ◽  
Point Level

We introduce SketchGNN , a convolutional graph neural network for semantic segmentation and labeling of freehand vector sketches. We treat an input stroke-based sketch as a graph with nodes representing the sampled points along input strokes and edges encoding the stroke structure information. To predict the per-node labels, our SketchGNN uses graph convolution and a static-dynamic branching network architecture to extract the features at three levels, i.e., point-level, stroke-level, and sketch-level. SketchGNN significantly improves the accuracy of the state-of-the-art methods for semantic sketch segmentation (by 11.2% in the pixel-based metric and 18.2% in the component-based metric over a large-scale challenging SPG dataset) and has magnitudes fewer parameters than both image-based and sequence-based methods.

scholarly journals Graph Neural Networks Meet Neural-Symbolic Computing: A Survey and Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís C. Lamb ◽  
Artur d’Avila Garcez ◽  
Marco Gori ◽  
Marcelo O.R. Prates ◽  
Pedro H.C. Avelar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Constraint Satisfaction ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Symbolic Computing ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
Optimization Constraint ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Graph Neural Networks

Neural-symbolic computing has now become the subject of interest of both academic and industry research laboratories. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely used in relational and symbolic domains, with widespread application of GNNs in combinatorial optimization, constraint satisfaction, relational reasoning and other scientific domains. The need for improved explainability, interpretability and trust of AI systems in general demands principled methodologies, as suggested by neural-symbolic computing. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art on the use of GNNs as a model of neural-symbolic computing. This includes the application of GNNs in several domains as well as their relationship to current developments in neural-symbolic computing.

scholarly journals Multi-View Attribute Graph Convolution Networks for Clustering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiafeng Cheng ◽  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Zhiqiang Tao ◽  
Deyan Xie ◽  
Quanxue Gao
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Graph Embedding ◽  
Structured Data ◽  
Attention Networks ◽  
Graph Data ◽  
Graph Reconstruction ◽  
Node Attributes ◽  
Graph Neural Networks ◽  
Geometric Relationship

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have made considerable achievements in processing graph-structured data. However, existing methods can not allocate learnable weights to different nodes in the neighborhood and lack of robustness on account of neglecting both node attributes and graph reconstruction. Moreover, most of multi-view GNNs mainly focus on the case of multiple graphs, while designing GNNs for solving graph-structured data of multi-view attributes is still under-explored. In this paper, we propose a novel Multi-View Attribute Graph Convolution Networks (MAGCN) model for the clustering task. MAGCN is designed with two-pathway encoders that map graph embedding features and learn the view-consistency information. Specifically, the first pathway develops multi-view attribute graph attention networks to reduce the noise/redundancy and learn the graph embedding features for each multi-view graph data. The second pathway develops consistent embedding encoders to capture the geometric relationship and probability distribution consistency among different views, which adaptively finds a consistent clustering embedding space for multi-view attributes. Experiments on three benchmark graph datasets show the superiority of our method compared with several state-of-the-art algorithms.

scholarly journals Coloring Graph Neural Networks for Node Disambiguation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Dasoulas ◽  
Ludovic Dos Santos ◽  
Kevin Scaman ◽  
Aladin Virmaux
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Message Passing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Continuous Functions ◽  
Graph Classification ◽  
Node Attributes ◽  
Graph Neural Networks ◽  
Coloring Graph

In this paper, we show that a simple coloring scheme can improve, both theoretically and empirically, the expressive power of Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs). More specifically, we introduce a graph neural network called Colored Local Iterative Procedure (CLIP) that uses colors to disambiguate identical node attributes, and show that this representation is a universal approximator of continuous functions on graphs with node attributes. Our method relies on separability, a key topological characteristic that allows to extend well-chosen neural networks into universal representations. Finally, we show experimentally that CLIP is capable of capturing structural characteristics that traditional MPNNs fail to distinguish, while being state-of-the-art on benchmark graph classification datasets.

scholarly journals Active Learning for Node Classification: An Evaluation

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1164
Author(s):  
Kaushalya Madhawa ◽  
Tsuyoshi Murata
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Attributed Graph ◽  
Attributed Graphs ◽  
Graph Neural Networks

Current breakthroughs in the field of machine learning are fueled by the deployment of deep neural network models. Deep neural networks models are notorious for their dependence on large amounts of labeled data for training them. Active learning is being used as a solution to train classification models with less labeled instances by selecting only the most informative instances for labeling. This is especially important when the labeled data are scarce or the labeling process is expensive. In this paper, we study the application of active learning on attributed graphs. In this setting, the data instances are represented as nodes of an attributed graph. Graph neural networks achieve the current state-of-the-art classification performance on attributed graphs. The performance of graph neural networks relies on the careful tuning of their hyperparameters, usually performed using a validation set, an additional set of labeled instances. In label scarce problems, it is realistic to use all labeled instances for training the model. In this setting, we perform a fair comparison of the existing active learning algorithms proposed for graph neural networks as well as other data types such as images and text. With empirical results, we demonstrate that state-of-the-art active learning algorithms designed for other data types do not perform well on graph-structured data. We study the problem within the framework of the exploration-vs.-exploitation trade-off and propose a new count-based exploration term. With empirical evidence on multiple benchmark graphs, we highlight the importance of complementing uncertainty-based active learning models with an exploration term.

scholarly journals Fast and Deep Graph Neural Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 3898-3905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Gallicchio ◽  
Alessio Micheli
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Dynamical System ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Input Graph ◽  
Sparse Networks ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Graph Neural Networks ◽  
Architectural Organization

We address the efficiency issue for the construction of a deep graph neural network (GNN). The approach exploits the idea of representing each input graph as a fixed point of a dynamical system (implemented through a recurrent neural network), and leverages a deep architectural organization of the recurrent units. Efficiency is gained by many aspects, including the use of small and very sparse networks, where the weights of the recurrent units are left untrained under the stability condition introduced in this work. This can be viewed as a way to study the intrinsic power of the architecture of a deep GNN, and also to provide insights for the set-up of more complex fully-trained models. Through experimental results, we show that even without training of the recurrent connections, the architecture of small deep GNN is surprisingly able to achieve or improve the state-of-the-art performance on a significant set of tasks in the field of graphs classification.

scholarly journals Investigation of optimal configurations of a convolutional neural network for the identification of objects in real-time

2019 ◽  
pp. 417-423
Author(s):  
M A Isayev ◽  
D A Savelyev
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Real Time ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Average Precision ◽  
The Core ◽  
Particular Solution ◽  
Optimal Configurations

The comparison of different convolutional neural networks which are the core of the most actual solutions in the computer vision area is considers in hhe paper. The study includes benchmarks of this state-of-the-art solutions by some criteria, such as mAP (mean average precision), FPS (frames per seconds), for the possibility of real-time usability. It is concluded on the best convolutional neural network model and deep learning methods that were used at particular solution.

scholarly journals Rumor Detection Based on SAGNN: Simplified Aggregation Graph Neural Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Jingqun Li ◽  
Bin Zhou ◽  
Yan Jia
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Convolutional Networks ◽  
The Media ◽  
Graph Neural Networks ◽  
Rumor Detection ◽  
Simple Network

Identifying fake news on the media has been an important issue. This is especially true considering the wide spread of rumors on the popular social networks such as Twitter. Various kinds of techniques have been proposed to detect rumors. In this work, we study the application of graph neural networks for the task of rumor detection, and present a simplified new architecture to classify rumors. Numerical experiments show that the proposed simple network has comparable to or even better performance than state-of-the art graph convolutional networks, while having significantly reduced the computational complexity.

scholarly journals Analysis of Explainers of Black Box Deep Neural Networks for Computer Vision: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-989
Author(s):  
Vanessa Buhrmester ◽  
David Münch ◽  
Michael Arens
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Nonlinear Structure ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Insight Into

Deep Learning is a state-of-the-art technique to make inference on extensive or complex data. As a black box model due to their multilayer nonlinear structure, Deep Neural Networks are often criticized as being non-transparent and their predictions not traceable by humans. Furthermore, the models learn from artificially generated datasets, which often do not reflect reality. By basing decision-making algorithms on Deep Neural Networks, prejudice and unfairness may be promoted unknowingly due to a lack of transparency. Hence, several so-called explanators, or explainers, have been developed. Explainers try to give insight into the inner structure of machine learning black boxes by analyzing the connection between the input and output. In this survey, we present the mechanisms and properties of explaining systems for Deep Neural Networks for Computer Vision tasks. We give a comprehensive overview about the taxonomy of related studies and compare several survey papers that deal with explainability in general. We work out the drawbacks and gaps and summarize further research ideas.

scholarly journals UniGNN: a Unified Framework for Graph and Hypergraph Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Huang ◽  
Jie Yang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Message Passing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Representation Learning ◽  
Graph Representation ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Real World Datasets ◽  
Graph Neural Networks ◽  
Research Domains

Hypergraph, an expressive structure with flexibility to model the higher-order correlations among entities, has recently attracted increasing attention from various research domains. Despite the success of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for graph representation learning, how to adapt the powerful GNN-variants directly into hypergraphs remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose UniGNN, a unified framework for interpreting the message passing process in graph and hypergraph neural networks, which can generalize general GNN models into hypergraphs. In this framework, meticulously-designed architectures aiming to deepen GNNs can also be incorporated into hypergraphs with the least effort. Extensive experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of UniGNN on multiple real-world datasets, which outperform the state-of-the-art approaches with a large margin. Especially for the DBLP dataset, we increase the accuracy from 77.4% to 88.8% in the semi-supervised hypernode classification task. We further prove that the proposed message-passing based UniGNN models are at most as powerful as the 1-dimensional Generalized Weisfeiler-Leman (1-GWL) algorithm in terms of distinguishing non-isomorphic hypergraphs. Our code is available at https://github.com/OneForward/UniGNN.

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