scholarly journals Fraud and its relationship to pandemics and economic crises: from Spanish flu to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Levi ◽  
Russell Smith
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Online Fraud ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
And Control

This report seeks to draw out the common characteristics of frauds associated with pandemics, and to identify any risks unique to pandemics and financial crises, beginning with the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, as the closest to COVID-19 in the modern era. It summarises the general influence of the internet or remote intrusions on contemporary frauds and allied corporate/ organised crimes against individuals, businesses and government, using plausibly reliable data from Australia and the United Kingdom as indicative of more general trends. The report identifies some novel crime types and methodologies arising during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 that were not seen in previous pandemics. These changes may result from public health measures taken in response to COVID-19, the current state of technologies and the activities of law enforcement and regulatory guardians. The report notes that many frauds occur whatever the state of the economy, but that some specific frauds occur during pandemics, especially online fraud. Similarly, some previously occurring frauds are revealed by economic crises, while frauds arising from and causing insolvencies are stimulated by economic crises. The report concludes with a discussion of the policy implications for prevention, resilience and for private and public policing and criminal justice in Australia. It stresses the need for plans for future pandemics and economic crises to include provisions for better early monitoring and control of fraud and procurement corruption.

scholarly journals Fraud and pandemics

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Levi ◽  
Russell G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to draw out the common characteristics of frauds associated with pandemics and to identify any risks unique to them. Design/methodology/approach It considers the range of frauds and their reporting lags and examines what is known about current frauds against individuals, businesses and government, principally using public and private sector data from Australia and the UK. Findings The study identifies some novel crime types and methodologies arising during the current pandemic that were not seen in previous pandemics. These changes may result from public health measures taken in response to COVID-19, the current state of technologies and the activities of law enforcement and regulatory guardians. It shows that many frauds would occur anyway, but some specific – mainly online – frauds occur during pandemics, and because of large scale government assistance programmes to businesses and individuals, far more opportunities were created from COVID-19 than in previous eras. Social implications The study concludes with a discussion of the policy implications for prevention, resilience and for private and public policing and criminal justice. It stresses that plans for future pandemics must include provisions for better early monitoring and control of fraud and associated procurement corruption and notes that these require greater political will and organisation. It recommends a more serious analysis of the impact of prevention communications outreach to citizens, businesses and government. Originality/value The study uses fresh data on frauds from the private and public sectors and assesses some measures of control in a holistic way.

Development of Metacognition and Self-Regulated Learning in Young Children: Role of Collaborative and Peer-Assisted Learning

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Whitebread ◽  
Sue Bingham ◽  
Valeska Grau ◽  
Deborah Pino Pasternak ◽  
Claire Sangster
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Peer Assisted Learning ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Age Range ◽  
And Control

The authors present findings from a large 2-year study exploring the development of self-regulatory and metacognitive abilities in young children (aged 3 to 5 years) in educational naturalistic settings in the United Kingdom (English Nursery and Reception classrooms). Three levels of analysis were conducted based on observational codings of categories of metacognitive and self-regulatory behaviors. These analyses supported the view that, within the 3- to 5-year age range, there was extensive evidence of metacognitive behaviors that occurred most frequently during learning activities that were initiated by the children, involved them in working in pairs or small groups, unsupervised by adults, and that involved extensive collaboration and talk (i.e., learning contexts that might be characterized as peer-assisted learning). Relative to working individually or in groups with adult support, children in this age range working in unsupervised small groups showed more evidence of metacognitive monitoring and control. Relative to children in supervised groups, they also showed more evidence of “other” and “shared” regulation. The implications for research, theory, and educational practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Ownership and Control in Large Eastern European Companies

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193
Author(s):  
Nicuşor Dumitru Cărăuşu
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Foreign Ownership ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Country Characteristics ◽  
Individual Type ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
And Control

The aim of this paper is to determine if the ownership structure of large Central Eastern-European companies, can influence the performance of the companies via better monitoring and control of managers done by individual blockholders. We use a sample of 497 large private and public CEE companies and analyze influence of large individual type of blockholders on performance over the period 2004-2013. We use ROA as a proxy for performance, firm, country characteristics and ownership indicators in a fixed-effect panel model. Our estimates indicate that only state and foreign ownership can influence performance while individual and widely held ownership do not influence performance in large CEE companies. On average, state controlled companies tend to underperform while foreign ownership seems to be beneficial for performance. This suggests that ownership can be used as a substitute for missing good governance institutions, in such a specific environment as CEE countries.

External Control and Regional Development: The Case of Scotland

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Firn
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
External Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

The purpose of the paper is to examine some recent evidence on the degree and type of external ownership and control that exists in the manufacturing sector of the Scottish economy. Definitions of external control are discussed, and its incidence in Scotland is shown to vary widely between industrial sectors; between different sizes of manufacturing enterprise; between different types of enterprise organisation; and between the different subregions of Scotland. The theoretical and policy implications of the Scottish situation, where nearly 60 per cent of the ownership and control of manufacturing employment lies in other regions of the United Kingdom and overseas, are discussed, and areas for future research outlined. It is argued that this factor is one of vital importance for the understanding of the processes and constraints of regional economic development, and that its neglect has contributed to much of the dissatisfaction expressed about the achievements of postwar British regional development-policy. The paper concludes that the development of a high level of control is not in the long-term economic interests of Scotland.

Computers for data, control and simulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 920-921
Author(s):  
David C. Joy
Keyword(s):  
Personal Computers ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Data Control ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Control

Personal computers (PCs) are a powerful resource in the EM Laboratory, both as a means of automating the monitoring and control of microscopes, and as a tool for quantifying the interpretation of data. Not only is a PC more versatile than a piece of dedicated data logging equipment, but it is also substantially cheaper. In this tutorial the practical principles of using a PC for these types of activities will be discussed.The PC can form the basis of a system to measure, display, record and store the many parameters which characterize the operational conditions of the EM. In this mode it is operating as a data logger. The necessary first step is to find a suitable source from which to measure each of the items of interest. It is usually possible to do this without having to make permanent corrections or modifications to the EM.

The magnitude and cost of groundwater monitoring and control in agriculture.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Giannoccaro ◽  
Armando Ursitti ◽  
Maurizio Prosperi
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
And Control

MONITORING AND CONTROL OF THE “ANIMAL” SUBSYSTEM IN THE COMPLEX BIOTECHNICAL SYSTEM “MAN-MACHINE-ANIMAL” OF A DAIRY FARM

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR V. KIRSANOV ◽  
◽  
DMITRIY YU. PAVKIN ◽  
FEDOR E. FEDOR E. VLADIMIROV ◽  
EVGENIY А. NIKITIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Mutual Adaptation ◽  
Biotechnical System ◽  
Complex Project ◽  
And Control

A modern dairy farm is a complex biotechnical “man-machine-animal” system, where purposeful human activity concentrates mainly on the control of the “machine” and “animal” subsystems, thus making the whole system ergatic. Increasing the interaction effi ciency of machine subsystems with biological objects (animals) requires an in-depth study of the properties and characteristics of the latter, their behavior, adaptive and refl ex mechanisms that ensure the mutual adaptation of machine and biological subsystems. The paper considers general functionality of the “animal” subsystem, which includes lists of monitored parameters (functions) in pre-weaning, pre-lactation and lactation periods. In a similar way, functionals of the subsystems of the general musculoskeletal development of the animal’s body, respiratory and digestive organs, comfort of the habitat, development and control of the reproductive organs of lactating cows were obtained accompanied with a list of controlled functions and parameters. To carry out a set of research activities in this fi eld, FSAC VIM is planning to carry out a complex project that will increase the levels of automation, digitalization and intellectualization of animal husbandry, provide for comfortable environment, optimal rediced-impact service modes for animals and their extended productive longevity, increased quality of milk and autonomous functioning of individual local biotechnical subsystems.

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