scholarly journals ANALISIS PENURUNAN TARIF PAJAK PENGHASILAN BADAN TERHADAP KEEKONOMIAN KONTRAK BAGI HASIL GROSS SPLIT DAN MULTIPLIER EFFECT BAGI PEREKONOMIAN PADA KEGIATAN HULU MINYAK BUMI DI INDONESIA

Scientax ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-231
Author(s):  
Gregorius Bela Prasetya
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Production Sharing ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
Multiplier Effects ◽  
The Government

Analysis of declining income tax rate of economics on production sharing contract gross split and multiplier effect for the economy in upstream activity in Indonesia describes about Indonesia’s Government announces regulation of production sharing contract gross split in upstream activity for contractor to invest in oil and gas in Indonesia. Due to the pandemic of COVID-19, the Government of Indonesia announced another regulation in regard to income tax rate reduction. This has positively affected the economics on NPV and IRR of contractor and has triggered multiplier effects for the economy in general. Sensitivity analysis is used to calculate the effect of income tax rate reduction for the economics in gross split and multiplier effect. This research has shown that 1% of declining income tax rate affects US$29,333,000 of NPV, 0.3% of IRR, US$20,533,000 Gross Domestic Product and 2,933 jobs in pessimistic scenario; US$61,107,000 of NPV, 0.5% of IRR, US$42,775,000 Gross Domestic Product and 6,111 jobs in moderate scenario; and US$92,881,000 of NPV, 0.6% of IRR, US$65,016,000 Gross Domestic Product and 9,288 jobs in optimistic scenario.  

scholarly journals Revenue Productivity of the Tax System in Namibia: Tax Buoyancy Estimation Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2(J)) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
A Shikongo ◽  
A Shikongo ◽  
O Kakujaha-Matundu ◽  
T Kaulihowa
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
National Income ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
The Government

Buoyancy refers to how tax revenue responds to a gross domestic product without correcting for discretionary alterations in the tax system. The paper assessed the buoyancy of Namibia’s overall tax system in an attempt to measure the response of the tax system in entirety because of fluctuations in the national income and/or the deliberate act by the government to increase tax rate, reviewed tax code and tax machinery etc. The study employed the Engle-Granger approach to the error correction model to estimate the tax buoyancy for the period 2001 to 2014. The empirical findings from the study revealed that overall the Namibian tax system is income inelastic and not buoyant. This is confirmed by a low and negative value of 0.036 which is less than unit. Thus, the economy is not generating sufficient revenue both through discretionary tax measure and through the expansion in the economic activities. Therefore, the government need to introduce measures that will allow for more tax revenue collection to have a stable revenue base. This also means the government need to keep track of tax mobilization with growth in the gross domestic product as well as to ascertain taxes that are productive.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF THE POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON THE LIBYAN ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Rwida Kreiw
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The Political ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Government

Regarding the Libyan macroeconomic framework, the petroleum sector returns caused to the government and the need to support civil service job opportunity and preserve the widespread funding system. In 2006, the increasing of the price of the Libyan price oil, around US $63.05, had a significant and positive influence on the Libyan economic situation. The price increased around 65 % compared to the corresponding value in 2004 which was in averaged around US $38.In the same context, the favorable enhancement in the oil sector donated to an observable development in balance of payment surplus, which achieved around 15.4 % of gross domestic product. Also, international reserves improved to be around 19 billion US dollars. Moreover, the Libyan authorities have decreased the bank the percentage of interest rates across the board to enhance the demand in the private sector for credit and established a strategy to update the payment system. All these monetary policies and strategies affect positively on the Libyan macroeconomic and financial situations to be satisfactory in 2004.In 2005, the performance of the macroeconomic stayed comparatively strong. The gross domestic product achieved approximately about 3.5 %. Moreover, the inflation stayed 2.5 %. On the other hand, the economic development is assessed to have been created mainly 4.5 % in the non-oil sectors. In details, the non-oil sectors such as hotels and transportation, construction and services, agriculture and manufacturing sector with respectively values 7%, 5%, 2.5 % and 1.8%. unfortunately, all these sectors showed weak performance recently because of the unstable political situation in the country.Regarding to the banking sectors, according to (Murugiah and Akgam, 2015), Libyan banking sector has realized especially after the issuance of laws. In 2005, this Central Bank of Libya has significant impact on establishing banks and reorganization assets inducing them to look for new investment chances. In our model, the variables Stock Capital, Libyan Oil PriceNumber of population in Libya and dummy variable for the political instability have significant impact on the Libyan gross domestic products at 5% significance level. The heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation tests are checked in the model.Finally, we conclude that increasing (decreasing) the oil and gas prices has a significant influence on the economic development generally in Libya and on the macroeconomic indicators, such as gross domestic product, monetary policy, the unemployment rate, and the inflation rate in the country.

FISCAL Optimizations to Achieve a Win-Win Gross Split Production Sharing Contract on Deep-Water Study Case Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Sasoni
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Production Sharing ◽  
Cumulative Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year

Indonesia has adopted a new oil and gas fiscal system called Gross Split PSC (Production Sharing Contract). The objective is to implement a better system for developing oil and gas projects in Indonesia, which will empower the government to secure a higher government take (GT) from the early stages of production and reduce bureaucracy for contractors. This individual project compares the new PSC scheme and the Traditional PSC system using deterministic sensitivity analysis to determine the most optimal fiscal terms under the Gross Split PSC. The discussion includes profitability index, such as the government’s share of gross revenue (GSGR), project’s net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR). The work was carried out from both the contractor’s and government’s perspective in an Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA) simulation gas case study field development in deep offshore. The results of the economic modelling analysis provides that Gross Split PSC will have the same IRR as the Traditional PSC if the project is accelerated for one year, receives a 5% deductible effective tax rate and gets an additional progressive split of cumulative production.

What Hit and Miss in Indonesia CBM Project : Empirical Study Slowing Down Factors CBM Development and Propose Suitable Action for CBM Development in Indonesia by Using Analytical Hierarch Process.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Production Sharing ◽  
High Investment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exploration Period ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Testing Standards

In 2008, the first Coal Bed Methane (CBM) PSC was signed in Indonesia. To date, 54 CBM PSCs have been awarded to explore and develop CBM Block in Indonesia. Twelve years later, only one PSC has submitted a Plan of Development but has not yet produced gas commercially. Most CBM PSCs have been struggling during the 10 years’ exploration period and some may receive extensions for 3 years under specific conditions. The lack of integrated authorities’ approval in the overlay of coal mining and natural gas production areas has become a great obstacle for CBM Development. Besides that, the government regulations in CBM activities have defects in PSC contract terms that may lead marginal economic value for contractors, especially due to high investment during the early development (C. Irawan, 2017). On the other hand, drilling regulations, Pipe Classing standards and Testing Standards following the Oil and Gas standards are too expensive for CBM Investment. According to our observations, CBM Regulations in Indonesia should be modified starting from the Exploration period, Production Sharing Contract Terms and Standard Operating Procedures to suit Indonesian CBM characteristics. Good coordination within government departments is a must for the success of CBM Exploration and Development.

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Foreign Direct Investment dan Tax Rate Terhadap Penerimaan PPh Badan Negara ASEAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-342
Author(s):  
Merry Inriama ◽  
Milla Sepliana Setyowati
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Effect Model

Keterbukaan perekonomian menjadi penentu yang penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kondisi perekonomian suatu negara dapat memberi dampak terhadap penerimaan sektor perpajakan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari salah satu penerimaan pajak suatu negara yaitu melalui penerimaan PPh Badan. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi yang diukur dengan Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), dan Tax Rate terhadap besarnya penerimaan PPh Badan (CIT) dalam kasus lima negara ASEAN selama periode 1999-2018. Metode penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan regresi data panel dengan estimasi Random Effect Model atau Generalized Least Square (GLS) dengan program Eviews. Hasil penelitian ini secara simultan menunjukkan bahwa variabel independen yaitu GDP, FDI, dan tax rate memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap variabel dependen yaitu penerimaan PPh Badan (CIT). Secara parsial PDB dan tax rate memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan yang artinya kenaikan atau penurunan GDP dan tax rate akan mempengaruhi kenaikan atau penurunan penerimaan PPh Badan (CIT), sedangkan FDI tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap penerimaan PPh Badan (CIT). Melalui penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mengukur variabel-variabel yang memiliki pengaruh terhadap penerimaan PPh Badan, sehingga penerimaan PPh Badan dapat ditingkatkan.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN DAN PEMOTONGAN PPh PASAL 21 KARYAWAN TETAP PADA PT. TELAGA BAKTI PERSADA TERNATE

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linath Masrinah ◽  
Jantje J. Tinangon ◽  
Natalia Y. T. Gerungai
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
The Government ◽  
Permanent Employees ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

Taxes are an important component for the government in carrying out state activities in Indonesia, since the financing of routine expenditures as well as government development is largely derived from the tax sector. as it is known that tax revenue plays a vital role since the revenue from the oil and gas sector has decreased. The government in this case the Directorate General of Tax (DJP) always wanted to perform the task in terms of collecting tax revenue so that the nation's survival is maintained. Therefore, the Directorate General of Tax (DJP) is trying to get the tax collection in Indonesia on target by always trying to improve the service by updating the rules of tax collection that meet the requirements of justice, juridical, economic, financial and simple. This study aims to analyze the calculation and withholding of Article 21 Income Tax on the salary of PT. Telaga Bakti Persada Ternate whether it is in compliance with the provisions of the Taxation Law. No. 36 of 2008 Income Tax Income. This research uses Descriptive Research Method. The results of the research can be concluded that the calculation and withholding of income tax article 21 Income Tax on permanent employees of PT. Telaga Bakti Persada Ternate has done calculations and deductions in accordance with the provisions of the current law.Keywords: calculation and deduction of income tax PPh article 21, income tax, receipt income tax PPh article 21, accounting, income tax article 21, Tax Regulation.

The Wage Response to a Reduction in Income Tax Rates: The Israeli Tax Reform

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Frish ◽  
Noam Zussman ◽  
Sophia Igdalov
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Marginal Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
Income Tax Reform

AbstractThis study examines the effect of an income tax reform on wages. An Israeli reform implemented in 2003–2009 reduced individuals’ marginal income tax rate by 7–17 percentage points. We utilized the differential and non-monotonic marginal tax rate reduction, and used Israel Tax Authority panel data of wage earners, merged with Labor Force Surveys. We found that in the business sector, the elasticity of reported gross wages relative to the net-of-tax rate is about 0.1. The wage earners in the lowest wage quintile were not affected by the tax reform, those in the second and third quintiles did not respond to the tax cut, but elasticity increased with wage, reaching about 0.4 in the upper decile. We did not find statistically significant differences in elasticity by gender, ethnicity, or education.

scholarly journals Estimating the Impact of Taxes on the Economic Growth in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branimir Kalaš ◽  
Vera Mirović ◽  
Jelena Andrašić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Gross Domestic Product Growth ◽  
Social Security Contributions

AbstractIn a research paper, the authors provide an empirical approach to taxes and economic growth in the United States in the period 1996-2016. The basic goal is to explore how taxes affect economic growth. The subject of the research is measuring the effects of tax revenue growth and tax form as a personal income tax, corporate income tax and social security contributions on gross domestic product as a proxy for economic growth. Methodology framework includes several tests to clear the potential problem of heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, multicollinearity and specification of the model. Based on diagnostic tests, a regression model is adequately created where fundamental econometric procedures are applied. Correlation matrix reflects a strong and positive relationship between tax revenue growth and corporate income tax on the one side and gross domestic product growth, on the another side. Also, personal income tax and social security contributions are weakly related to gross domestic product growth. The model shows a significant effect of tax revenue growth and social security contributions, while personal income tax and corporate income tax do not have a significant impact on gross domestic product growth. Interestingly, personal income tax as the main tax form in the tax structure of the United States has no significant impact on economic growth compared to social security contributions which percentage share is lesser.

Legal Safeguards in Egypt's Petroleum Concession Agreements

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
Minas Khatchadourian
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Production Sharing ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
The Government ◽  
Oil Company

This article deals with the concession contracts for the exploration and the production of oil and gas in Egypt. Such tripartite contracts are concluded between the Government of Egypt (GOE) as the host country, a National Oil Company (NOC) as the concession holder and an international oil company (IOC) as the foreign contractor who receives a part of the oil or gas production on a production sharing agreement (PSA). From an Egyptian legal perspective, this contract is qualified as a State contract which is supposed to give the Government some exorbitant powers towards its counterparts. However, in order to attract foreign investors into this kind of agreement and encourage international oil companies to explore natural resources, several legal safeguards are incorporated in the concession agreement. Examples of this include placing the contract in the framework of a legislative act, granting the contract a supremacy on any contrary legislation, stabilization clause, adaptation of the contract through renegotiation, arbitration clause, etc.

scholarly journals Study on system fairness dimensions and tax compliance in the Middle East context

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Awadh Bin-Nashwan ◽  
Ahmed Mubarak Al-Hamedi ◽  
Munusamy Marimuthu ◽  
Abobakr Ramadhan Al-Harethi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
General System ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Compliance Behavior ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Government

People’s perceptions of a fair tax administration system have garnered growing interest as a decisive ingredient that can install compliance behavior among taxpayers. The tax that taxpayers wish to evade is determined by their perceptions of the various robust dimensions of fairness (i.e., general fairness, preferred tax rate structure, exchange with the government, special provisions, and self-interest). Such an important matter, like tax fairness, has been overlooked in the extant literature, especially in the Middle East context, although tax administrations still suffer from low and unsatisfactory rates of compliance. This paper aims to empirically examine the influence of fairness perceptions of the income tax system on compliance behavior of taxpayers in Yemen. The study used a survey questionnaire administered to 400 individual taxpayers in Hadhramout, one of the most prosperous business regions in Yemen. Based on the PLS-SEM analysis tool, the study found that general system fairness, preferred tax rate, exchange with the government, and the extent of self-interest are significantly related to income tax compliance, while special provisions do not affect compliance decisions. The results of the study can alert the tax authority and policymakers to consider the non-pecuniary factors, other than the measures of the coercion. Establishing a fair tax system is probably one of the most successful approaches to boost compliance among taxpayers, thus yielding more tax revenue and diminishing the administrative cost for the tax authority.

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