MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION AND COLONIZATION PATTERNS OF DIFFERENT FUSARIUM SPP. IN SUGAR BEET

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareen Gollnow ◽  
Daniela Christ ◽  
Christa Hoffmann ◽  
Mark Varrelmann
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Colonization Patterns

scholarly journals Damping-off of sugar beet in Finland: I. Causal agents and some factors affecting the disease

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-244
Author(s):  
Mauritz Vestberg ◽  
Risto Tahvonen ◽  
Kyösti Raininko
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Phoma Betae

The fungus Pythium debaryanum auct. non Hesse is the main cause of damping-off on sugar beet in Finland. The fungus is found especially in diseased seedlings during the first two weeks after emergence. Later on, when the plants have one or two pairs of true leaves, Fusarium spp. can be isolated to a rather great extent. However, pathogenicity tests with three different Fusarium species have shown that this fungus is unble cause damping-off on sugar beet when inoculated into peat substrate. Among the fungi tried in this respect, only Pythium debaryanum and Phoma betae Frank showed clear pathogenicity. Sugar beet seedlings that outlive the disease grow slower, and their quality at harvest in the autumn is poorer than that of healthy beets.

Formation and Control of Mycotoxins in Food

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 637-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN ◽  
LISA L. SCHROEDER ◽  
KUN-YOUNG PARK
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Mycotoxin production is favored by high humidity and high water activity (aw). To control mycotoxin formation on the basis of moisture, the moisture content must be maintained below a certain critical level for each commodity. Aflatoxin production is favored by temperatures of 25 to 30°C, whereas below 8 to 10°C, aflatoxin production can occur, but the amounts produced are less and the time required for production is longer. Cycling or changing temperature may or may not increase aflatoxin production, depending on the temperatures, mold species and substrates involved. Other mycotoxic molds respond to temperature differently than the aspergilli. Species of Penicillium, Fusarium and Cladosporium are capable of growing at temperatures below 5°C, and some even just below freezing. Penicillium spp. can produce patulin, penicillic acid and ochratoxin at temperatures from 0 to 31°C, whereas Aspergillus ochraceus does not produce ochratoxin or penicillic acid below 12°C. Penitrem production by Penicillium crustosum can occur at refrigeration temperature. Fusarium spp. can produce zearalenone and the trichothecenes at temperatures below 10°C and even below freezing. Maintaining storage temperatures of stored commodities at 5°C or lower will prevent the production of aflatoxins and ochratoxin by aspergilli but will not prevent the production of mycotoxins by Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. Mycotoxic molds may grow on a vast array of substrates, but some substrates support little or no mycotoxin production while supporting extensive mold growth. Most substrates that support aflatoxin production are plant products, such as peanuts, Brazil nuts, pecans, walnuts, almonds, filberts, pistachio nuts, cottonseed, copra, corn sorghum, millet and figs. Animal products are less likely substrates for aflatoxin production. The main source of aflatoxins in animal products are residues in milk and animal tissues as a result of consumption of toxic feed by the animal. Some herbs and spices have antifungal properties and do not support mycotoxin production. However, aside from this, most food substrates are susceptible to mold growth and mycotoxin production. Some substrates, such as cheese, cured meats and soybeans, might be less favorable for mycotoxin production, but may still support mycotoxin formation. Drought stress, insect damage and mechanical damage may increase the ability of Aspergillus flavus and other fungi to invade peanuts, cottonseed and grain. Some measure of control can be gained by minimizing drought stress through irrigation and minimizing insect and mechanical damage. Development of peanut varieties and corn hybrids that are resistant to preharvest invasion by A. flavus may also offer some measure control. Competing microorganisms tend to restrict fungal growth and mycotoxin production. Low oxygen concentration (<1%) and/or increased concentrations of other gases (i.e., >90% CO2) may depress mold growth and mycotoxin formation. Antimycotic agents can be used to control mold growth and mycotoxin production. Sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, propionic acid and propionates appear to be more effective antimycotics over a greater range of conditions than benzoates. Other substances, such as sodium diacetate and BHA, also have antifungal activity. Certain herbs and spices, particularly cinnamon, cloves and mustard, may contain enough antifungal activity to exert a protective effect at normal usage levels.

scholarly journals Evaluating Inoculation Methods to Infect Sugar Beet with Fusarium oxysporum f. betae and F. secorum

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1312-1317
Author(s):  
X. Lai ◽  
A. Qi ◽  
Y. Liu ◽  
L. E. Del Río Mendoza ◽  
Z. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Barley Seed ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Inoculation Method ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Leaves And Roots

Minnesota and North Dakota combined contain 55% of the sugar beet production area in the United States, contributing to 49% of the nation’s sugar beet production in 2018. Fusarium diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. betae and F. secorum on sugar beet can cause significant reduction in both root yield and sucrose concentration and purity. The objective of this research was to identify an alternative artificial inoculation method to induce Fusarium diseases on sugar beet leaves and roots caused by both Fusarium spp. in greenhouse conditions to better aid in research efforts. We tested four inoculation methods, including barley to seed, barley to root, drenching, and cutting. and compared them with the conventional root-dipping inoculation method. The inoculation method of placing Fusarium-colonized barley seed close to sugar beet seed (barley to seed) caused levels of symptom severities on both leaves and roots similar to the root-dipping method. Because the traditional root-dipping method involves a laborious transplant process, use of infected barley seed as inoculum may serve as an alternative method in the evaluation of host resistance and pathogen virulence among Fusarium diseases by Fusarium spp. on sugar beet at the seed or seedling stage.

scholarly journals Comparative Pathogenicity and Virulence of Fusarium Species on Sugar Beet

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 1291-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragyan Burlakoti ◽  
V. Rivera ◽  
G. A. Secor ◽  
A. Qi ◽  
L. E. Del Rio-Mendoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Vascular Discoloration ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Highly Virulent

In all, 98 isolates of three Fusarium spp. (18 Fusarium oxysporum, 30 F. graminearum, and 50 Fusarium sp. nov.) obtained from sugar beet in Minnesota were characterized for pathogenicity and virulence on sugar beet in the greenhouse by a bare-root inoculation method. Among the 98 isolates tested, 80% of isolates were pathogenic: 83% of the F. oxysporum isolates, 57% of the F. graminearum isolates, and 92% of the Fusarium sp. nov. isolates. Symptoms varied from slight to moderate wilting of the foliage, interveinal chlorosis and necrosis, and vascular discoloration of the taproot without any external root symptoms. Among the pathogenic isolates, 14% were highly virulent and 12% were moderately virulent. Most of the highly virulent isolates (91%) and moderately virulent isolates (89%) were Fusarium sp. nov. All pathogenic isolates of F. graminearum and most pathogenic isolates (87%) of F. oxysporum were less virulent. In general, more-virulent isolates induced first foliar symptoms earlier compared with less-virulent isolates. This study indicates that both F. oxysporum and Fusarium sp. nov. should be used in greenhouse and be present in field studies used for screening and developing sugar beet cultivars resistant to Fusarium yellows complex for Minnesota and North Dakota.

scholarly journals Identification of Pathogenic Fusarium spp. Causing Maize Ear Rot and Potential Mycotoxin Production in China

Toxins ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canxing Duan ◽  
Zihui Qin ◽  
Zhihuan Yang ◽  
Weixi Li ◽  
Suli Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ear Rot ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Maize Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Ear

scholarly journals Effect of fungicide application on Wheat Head Blight, occurrence of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin production

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Baturo-Cieśniewska ◽  
A. Lukanowski ◽  
M. Kolenda
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type B ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Advantageous Effect

Effect of fungicide application on Wheat Head Blight, occurrence of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin production The aim of the study was to determine if azoxystrobin and metconazole used for the control of wheat FHB at half, full, and quarter more the recommended dose rate may affect in differentiated way on the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and their ability to mycotoxin production in harvested grain, in wheat ears artificially inoculated with two DON-producing isolates of F. culmorum. Macroscopic evaluation showed high incidence of fusariosis. Plant health in the plots where the heads were artificially inoculated and fungicide was not applied was similar to the protected ones. Only increasing the dose metconazole resulted in a stronger reduction of fusariosis. The advantageous effect of azoxystrobin was not observed. Mycological analysis of harvested grain showed the presence of a number of F. culmorum, but from samples sprayed with metconazole it was isolated in smaller quantities. Also F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. poae and F. tricinctum were isolated. Molecular analysis showed the presence of F. culmorum in all samples of harvested grain. Also genes from Tri cluster were identified, involved in the synthesis of type-A and type-B trichothecenes - especially DON and 3Ac-DON. Chromatography revealed the presence of small quantities of mycotoxins. In all samples DON and 3Ac-DON were predominant. In general, F. culmorum isolate, which caused weaker symptoms of FHB and was less numerously isolated from grain that the other one, produced smaller amounts of mycotoxins. Samples protected with azoxystrobin contain the largest quantities of DON. Effect of different doses of fungicides on the number of mycotoxins was not clearly established.

scholarly journals Differentiation of Eleven Fusarium spp. Isolated from Sugar Beet, Using Restriction Fragment Analysis of a Polymerase Chain Reaction–Amplified Translation Elongation Factor 1α Gene Fragment

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (8) ◽  
pp. 921-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Nitschke ◽  
Maria Nihlgard ◽  
Mark Varrelmann
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Elongation Factor 1Α ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor 1Α

Sugar beet in Europe is commonly grown in wheat and maize crop rotations and subsequently pile-stored for several weeks. Beet is threatened by the colonization of saprophytic as well as pathogenic Fusarium spp. A tool for reliable identification based on sequence information of the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF-1α) gene was developed for the numerous Fusarium spp. being isolated from sugar beets. In all, 65 isolates from different species (Fusarium avenaceum, F. cerealis, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. redolens, F. solani, F. tricinctum, and F. venenatum) were obtained from sugar beet at different developmental stages from locations worldwide. Database sequences for additional species (F. sporotrichioides, F. poae, F. torulosum, F. hostae, F. sambucinum, F. subglutinans, and F. verticillioides), isolated from sugar beets in previous studies, were included in the analysis. Molecular sequence analysis of the partial TEF-1α gene fragment revealed sufficient variability to differentiate between the Fusarium spp., resulting in species-dependent separation of the isolates analyzed. This interspecific divergence could be translated into a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism assay using only two subsequent restriction digests for the differentiation of 17 of 18 species.

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