Comparative Study of Plasma-Thiophene and -Acetylene Coated Silica in SBR and EPDM Reinforcement

2009 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tiwari ◽  
R. N. Datta ◽  
A. G. Talma ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Reinforcement Parameter ◽  
Silanized Silica

Abstract The surface characteristics of silica were modified by plasma-thiophene and -acetylene film deposition. The plasma-coated fillers were blended with S-SBR and EPDM, and their influence on the final vulcanizate properties was compared with untreated silica and silanized silica. The change in the surface energy of plasma-acetylene (PA) and thiophene- (PTh) coated silica was characterized by immersion tests in liquids of various surface tension, water penetration measurements, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). All techniques gave evidence of a polymeric PA- and PTh-film deposition on the surface of silica. The properties of S-SBR and EPDM, filled with untreated, PA-, PTh- and silane-treated silica, were investigated by measurement of the Payne effect, bound rubber content and weight loss related to bound rubber, the reinforcement parameter, relative ranking of cross-link density and mechanical properties. The results show a lower degree of flocculation for PTh-silica filled EPDM due to a better match of the surface energies compared to untreated and PA-treated silica. EPDM filled with plasma-thiophene coated silica shows the lowest reinforcement parameter value, thus improved dispersion compared to untreated, silane-treated and plasma-acetylene silica. However, PA-silica filled EPDM shows better mechanical properties compared to untreated and plasma-thiophene coated silica. The PTh-silica filled S-SBR shows a higher bound rubber content, which results in better mechanical properties of the S-SBR compound compared to the one with PA-coated silica. The overall results show that the compatibility and interaction of silica with different rubbers can be controlled by tailoring the surface energy of the filler by plasma-polymerization. The different functionalities on the silica surface result in different levels of compatibility and interaction, as well as final vulcanizates properties.

Effect of Plasma Polymerization on the Performance of Silica in NBR, EPDM and NBR/EPDM Blends

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tiwari ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
Wim J. van Ooij
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plasma Polymerization ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Reinforcement Parameter ◽  
Unmodified Silica

Abstract The surface modification of precipitated silica powders by plasma-polymerization with acetylene monomer in order to improve their performance in NBR, EPDM and NBR/EPDM rubber blends, by matching the surface energies of the silica fillers of the rubbers, is the subject of this study. Silica, used as reinforcing filler for elastomers, is coated with a polyacetylene (PA) film and characterized by water penetration measurements, Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) area, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with elemental analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). All techniques show the evidence of a PA-film deposition on the surface of silica. The properties of NBR, EPDM and blends based on NBR and EPDM, filled with untreated, PA- and silane-treated silica, are investigated by measurement of the Payne effect, the bound rubber content and weight loss related to bound rubber, the reinforcement parameter and mechanical properties. The PA-silica filled samples show a lower Payne effect for EPDM and NBR/EPDM compared to the rubbers filled with unmodified silica. However, PA-silica filled NBR shows a higher Payne effect. This indicates an improved filler dispersion in the EPDM and NBR/EPDM, and a poorer dispersion in the NBR. The reduction of the reinforcement parameter as found for NBR, EPDM and NBR/EPDM indicates a lower degree of agglomeration in comparison with untreated and silane-treated silica. The PA-silica filled samples show the highest bound rubber contents and “in-rubber structure” for both rubbers as well as for the blend, compared to both other silica samples. The mechanical properties of untreated silica filled blend of NBR/EPDM are worse compared to the pure rubbers, but acetylene polymerization onto silica results in a significant improvement relative to the unmodified silica. The combined effects all point in the direction of improved compatibility of the PA-silica with the apolar EPDM. This results in better dispersion and stronger interaction with the EPDM, particularly in the blend with NBR, so as to significantly improve the mechanical properties of the blend relative to the use of untreated or silane-treated silica.

RECLAIMING OF GROUND RUBBER TIRE BY SAFE MULTIFUNCTIONAL RUBBER ADDITIVES: II VIRGIN NATURAL RUBBER/RECLAIMED GROUND RUBBER TIRE VULCANIZATES

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapan Kumar Mandal ◽  
Md Najib Alam ◽  
Kumarjyoti Roy ◽  
Subhas Chandra Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Ground Rubber ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
And Storage

ABSTRACT Mechanochemically reclaimed ground rubber tire (GRT) was revulcanized in combination with virgin natural rubber (NR). The NR/GRT vulcanizates with GRT content 20–50 wt% were prepared and studied. Reclaiming of GRT was successfully carried out by tetra benzyl thiuram disulfide (TBzTD) in the presence of spindle oil at around ambient temperature. The cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the virgin NR/reclaimed GRT blend were studied. Increasing the reclaimed rubber (RR) content in the blend decreases the optimum cure time without altering the scorch time. The effect of carbon black was studied in NR/RR (80/20) blend vulcanizate for the ultimate use of NR/RR blend vulcanizate. Aging characteristics of different NR/RR blends were evaluated. The swelling behavior, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical properties of NR/RR blend vulcanizates were examined. The equilibrium swelling of the NR vulcanizates was reduced with increasing reclaimed rubber content. Thermal stability of the blend vulcanizates was increased with increase in reclaimed rubber content. The elastic and storage modulus of the NR/RR vulcanizates improved with increasing reclaimed rubber content. Scanning electron microscopy studies further indicate the coherency and homogeneity in the NR/RR vulcanizate.

scholarly journals Biocomposites of Bio-Polyethylene Reinforced with a Hydrothermal-Alkaline Sugarcane Bagasse Pulp and Coupled with a Bio-Based Compatibilizer

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2158
Author(s):  
Nanci Vanesa Ehman ◽  
Diana Ita-Nagy ◽  
Fernando Esteban Felissia ◽  
María Evangelina Vallejos ◽  
Isabel Quispe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cradle To Gate ◽  
Bagasse Pulp

Bio-polyethylene (BioPE, derived from sugarcane), sugarcane bagasse pulp, and two compatibilizers (fossil and bio-based), were used to manufacture biocomposite filaments for 3D printing. Biocomposite filaments were manufactured and characterized in detail, including measurement of water absorption, mechanical properties, thermal stability and decomposition temperature (thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to assess the fracture area of the filaments after mechanical testing. Increases of up to 10% in water absorption were measured for the samples with 40 wt% fibers and the fossil compatibilizer. The mechanical properties were improved by increasing the fraction of bagasse fibers from 0% to 20% and 40%. The suitability of the biocomposite filaments was tested for 3D printing, and some shapes were printed as demonstrators. Importantly, in a cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis of the biocomposites, we demonstrated that replacing fossil compatibilizer with a bio-based compatibilizer contributes to a reduction in CO2-eq emissions, and an increase in CO2 capture, achieving a CO2-eq storage of 2.12 kg CO2 eq/kg for the biocomposite containing 40% bagasse fibers and 6% bio-based compatibilizer.

scholarly journals SiO2 particles effect on the mechanical properties of the starch/PVA blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (36) ◽  
pp. 153-171
Author(s):  
Nahida J. H.
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Glass Transition Temperature ◽  
Ultimate Strength ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Polymer System ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Ratio Increase

The present work studies the mechanical properties of SiO2 μPs, and NPs in St/PVA blends. The samples were prepared by casting method as PVA, St/PVA blends at different concentrations (30, 40, 50, and 60 %). DSC and TGA tests were carried out to the samples evolved. The result showed a single glass transition temperature (Tg) for all St /PVA blends that was attributed to the good miscibility of the blends involved. It was found that (Tg) decrease with starch ratio increase. It was seen that (PVA) of (Tg=105 oC); The glass transition temperature which was decrease with starch ratio that was attributed to glass transition relaxation process due to micro-Brownian motion of the main chain back bond. The endothermic peak at 200 oC was attributed to melting point of (PVA). Thermal properties of PVA; and St /PVA blends at different concentration (30, 40, 50, and 60 %) were evaluated by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The analyses were carried out from 20 to 600 oC at 10 oC)/min heating rate in air oxygen atmosphere. The weight loss stages depended on polymer system. The starch addition causing shifting in the second degradation temperature to the higher temperature; which result in overlapping between the two main degradation steps, these result was attributed to the St/ PVA blend compatibility. The mechanical properties results showed a decrease in ultimate strength with starch ratio increase. The ultimate strength of (PVA) was (47 MPa), whereas the ultimate strength of 60 %St/PVA was (11 MPa) and for 30 %St/PVA was the highest ultimate strength of blends involved (26 MPa). SiO2μPs (753.7 nm), and NPs (263.1 nm) were added at different concentrations (1.5, 2, and 2.5 %). 1.5% SiO2μPs, and NPs of the best ultimate strength (69 MPa), (86 MPa) respectively then it was decreased by SiO2μPs, and NPs increase. Optical microscope of the samples involved was investigated. It was concluded the prepared samples were suggested to be used as packaging materials for agriculture application and its ultimate strength could be controlled by SiO2μPs, and NPs addition.

Effect of Alumina Ceramic Powder Dispersion on Mechanical Properties of PolyPropylene Polymers

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 1729-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germannya D.A. Silva ◽  
Kleber G.B. Alves ◽  
Yeda B. Almeida ◽  
Ricardo A. Sanguinetti ◽  
Yogendra Prasad Yadava
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Melt Blending ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Hard Particles ◽  
Pp Composites

The objectives of this paper are study effect of dispersion of hard alumina (Al2O3) microparticles-filled polypropylene (PP) composites. Al2O3/PP composites containing 1.0 – 5.0 wt% of the Al2O3 were prepared through melt blending and specimens were produced through injection moulding technique. This study sets out to evaluate the influence of adding hard particles to the mechanical properties of the composite obtained while keeping the processing characteristics of the material. The material was characterized as thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile tests performed showed an increase in the mechanical properties of the composite (modulus and elongation (%)) by increasing the Al2O3 content. The SEM images show a change in the fracture behavior between pure PP (brittle fracture) and Al2O3/PP composites containing 3.0 and 5.0 wt % (ductile fracture). The research aims to establish a new parameter for the development of products and advances in the application of this material.

SYNTHESIS OF HYBRID SiC/SiO2 NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350008 ◽  
Author(s):  
TARIG A. HASSAN ◽  
VIJAYA K. RANGARI ◽  
FREDRIC BAKER ◽  
SHAIK JEELANI
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Neat Epoxy ◽  
Hybrid Nanoparticles ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Sonochemical Method ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sic Nanoparticles

In the present investigation, silicon carbide (β-SiC) nanoparticles (~ 30 nm) were coated on silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles (~ 200 nm) using sonochemical method. The resultant hybrid nanoparticles were then infused into SC-15 epoxy resin to enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of SC-15 epoxy for structural application. To fabricate an epoxy-based nanocomposite containing SiC/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles, we have opted a two-step process. In the first step, the silica nanoparticles were coated with SiC nanoparticles using high intensity ultrasonic irradiation. In a second step, 1 wt.% of as-prepared SiC/SiO2 particles were dispersed in epoxy part-A (diglycidylether of bisphenol A) using a high intensity ultrasound for 30 min at 5°C. The part-B (cycloaliphatic amine hardener) of the epoxy was then mixed with part-A- SiC/SiO2 mixture using a high-speed mechanical stirrer for 10 min. The SiC/SiO2 /epoxy resin mixture was cured at room temperature for 24 h. The SiC nanoparticles coating on SiO2 was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). The as-prepared nanocomposite samples were characterized using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Compression tests have been carried out for both nanocomposite and neat epoxy systems. The results indicated that 1 wt.% (SiC) + (SiO2) loading derived improvements in both thermal and mechanical properties when compared to the neat epoxy system.

EFFECT OF POLYSULFANE SILANIZED SILICA ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BROMBUTYL RUBBER VULCANIZATES

2013 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyu Liang ◽  
Na Feng ◽  
Suqin Chang ◽  
C. Xinhong Wang ◽  
Guixia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Silanized Silica ◽  
Silica Dispersion

ABSTRACT Polysulfane silanized white silica particles were prepared by treating with various loadings of bis(3-trie-thoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) in a high-speed mixer. Brombutyl rubber (BIIR) vulcanizates filled with the silanized silica were prepared by compression molding. Compared with BIIR/untreated silica vulcanizate, the mechanical properties of BIIR/silanized silica vulcanizates improved prominently with the increase of TESPT loading and reached peak value with the TESPT loading increasing up to 2 phr but declined slightly with the continuous increment of the TESPT. Effects of various loadings of TESPT on the mechanical properties of BIIR vulcanizates were investigated by testing mechanical properties, vulcanizing properties, bound rubber, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to determine the extent of rubber-filler interaction. As shown in vulcanizing properties, bound rubber, and DMA measurements, the bound rubber content, cross-link density, and storage and loss modulus of BIIR vulcanizates clearly increased with the TESPT loading increasing from 0 to 2 phr and then reduced somewhat with a continuous increase of TESPT; the tanδmax value decreased significantly with the increment of TESPT loading from 0 to 2 phr and increased sharply with the TESPT content increasing to 4 phr. These experimental results indicate that the improvement in the mechanical properties of BIIR vulcanizates was mostly attributed to a strong BIIR–silica interaction and an effective dispersion of the silica. On the other hand, the decline of mechanical properties can be explained by the excess TESPT, as a kind of physical diluent, having an adverse effect on the silica dispersion and cross-link reaction. By forming the silica aggregates on the mixing, the poor dispersion of silica could cause the decline of relative volume content of silica in the matrix.

Experimental Investigation of Kevlar KM2Plus Nano-Reinforced Laminated Composite Thermo-Mechanical Properties

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad ◽  
Omar G. Ayad ◽  
Ashfakur Rahman ◽  
Ali Hilal-Alnaqbi ◽  
Basim I. Abu-Jdayil
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Laminated Composite ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

This work is concerned with the synthesis and characterization of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced Kevlar KM2Plus composites with various MWCNT contents (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8 wt. %), by the wet lay-up technique. These samples were experimentally investigated for their thermo-mechanical properties using Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), tensile testing and three-point bending techniques. The mechanical properties showed remarkable improvement with increasing MWCNT wt.% up to certain content. The results revealed that the addition of MWCNT fillers has no significant effect on the thermal stability of the composites.

scholarly journals Effect of Radiation-Induced Cross-Linking on Thermal Aging Properties of Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene for Aircraft Cable Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
Zhimin Su ◽  
Taiping Xie
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Volume Resistivity ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Aging Properties ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene

The effects of electron beam irradiation on ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) were studied. Samples were irradiated in air at room temperature by a universal electron beam accelerator for various doses. The effect of irradiation on samples and the cross-linked ETFE after aging were investigated with respect to thermal characteristics, crystallinity, mechanical properties, and volume resistivity using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), universal mechanical tester, and high resistance meter. TGA showed that thermal stability of irradiated ETFE is considerably lower than that of unirradiated ETFE. DSC indicates that crystallinity is altered greatly by cross-link. The analysis of mechanical properties, fracture surface morphology, visco-elastic properties and volume resistivity certify radiation-induced cross-linking is vital to aging properties.

Effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of jute yarns

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832199910
Author(s):  
Y Ben Smail ◽  
A El Moumen ◽  
A Imad ◽  
F Lmai ◽  
M Ezahri
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Jute Fibers ◽  
Different Temperatures

In the last two decades, an increasing interest has been observed for the use of natural fibers such as jute fibers in different applications. These fibers are characterized by their low cost and their availability. They are mainly used in fabric bag manufacturing. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of jute yarns. An experimental study was conducted at different temperatures (22 °C; 80 °C; 105 °C and 150 °C) for 24 h. Each degree was followed by tensile testing of the specimen. Besides, the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate the effect of the temperature on the thermal stability and the thermal degradation of the jute fibers. In addition, the statistical analysis was performed using the method of two and three-parameter Weibull distribution to determine the spatial distribution of the properties. The results showed that there was a degradation of the mechanical properties of the jute yarns heated to high temperature compared to the raw yarns (considered as a specimen exposed to 22 °C). The tensile strain and the Young modulus failed by 36% and 13% respectively for the specimens heated at 150 °C and the failure kinematic of the jute fiber was affected by the temperature of heating. The TGA showed that the thermal stability of the jute yarns was affected by two factors: fibers drying and their changing temperatures.

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