Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for Rubber

In this review, first, the development of atomic force microscopy as an imaging technique, as a surface force apparatus, and as a nanoindenter was illustrated using experimental studies. The experimental analysis of atomic force microscopy emphasizes the empirical methods of achieving high resolution imaging through controlled forces between tip and sample interactions. Second, mapping mechanical properties on nanometer scale by atomic force microscopy is presented with both experimental investigations and selection of elastic models. Elastomer crosslink density was mapped using atomic force microscopy combined with elastic theories. The force — penetration depth investigation of crosslink density for elastomer by AFM shows linear correction with both experimental studies using Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) and classic swelling method and calculation using statistical rubber elasticity theory. Last, the focus is on the understanding of atomic force microscopy for practical applications. Filler dispersion and blends structure are demonstrated for automotive applications. Micro phase separation was intensely studied for film industries. Morphology of composites is investigated for the applications of tire, automotive and foaming industries.