Gum and Black-Filled Double Networks of cis-1,4-Polyisoprene Crosslinked with Sulfur Donors: Part I. Tensile Properties

2005 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hamed ◽  
K. Umetsu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Extension Ratio ◽  
Chain Alignment ◽  
Double Networks ◽  
Strain Responses

Abstract Gum and black-filled double networks of cis-1,4 polyisoprene, crosslinked with sulfur donors, have been prepared by first partially curing sheets, then stretching them and completing cure. Double networks are anisotropic and exhibit a residual extension ratio λr, which is higher for filled compared to gum samples. Additionally, double networks of filled specimens have higher anisotropy than gum counterparts, presumably because carbon black promotes chain alignment and strain-crystallization. Tensile specimens cut parallel to the stretch direction are stiffer, less extensible, and sometimes stronger than simple isotropic networks, while perpendicular specimens have stress-strain responses much like that of the isotropic control.

Tensile and Tear Behavior of Anisotropic Double Networks of a Black-Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizate

1998 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 846-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hamed ◽  
M. Y. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Double Network ◽  
Extension Ratio ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate ◽  
Double Networks ◽  
Strain Responses ◽  
Sheet Stretching ◽  
Weakly Dependent

Abstract Double networks of a black-filled natural rubber composition have been prepared by partially curing a sheet, stretching it, and then completing cure. Upon release, a double network retracts to a residual extension ratio, αr. Samples cut perpendicular to the stretch direction have stress—strain responses like the isotropic single network, while parallel samples have enhanced stiffness and tensile strength, and reduced extensibility. Tensile strength is rather weakly dependent on αr. Tear strengths of the double networks, determined using edge-cut strip specimens, exceed that of the single network for low αr. However, when αr is high, double networks have very low tear strengths. Consistent with previous studies, high tear strengths are associated with extensive longitudinal cracking.

Ultimate Tensile Properties of Elastomers. IV. Dependence of the Failure Envelope, Maximum Extensibility, and Equilibrium Stress Strain Curve on Network Characteristics

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-709
Author(s):  
Thor L. Smith ◽  
J. E. Frederick
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Failure Envelope ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Equilibrium Stress ◽  
Maximum Extension ◽  
Extension Ratio ◽  
Maximum Extensibility

Abstract Uniaxial tensile data from tests at different rates of extension over a wide temperature range are considered for butyl, silicone, Viton B, SBR, and natural rubber vulcanizates (series A) and for six Viton A-HV vulcanizates (series B) of differing crosslink densities. For series A and for A-6 in series B, equilibrium stress-strain data were obtained at large deformations by an indirect method. The ultimate tensile properties of all vulcanizates were previously characterized by a time- and temperature-independent failure envelope. The failure envelope's maximum extension ratio, (λb)max, to be equal to or less than (λ∞)max, the maximum extension ratio (hypothetical) in the absence of rupture and also the maximum extension ratio of network models. Failure and equilibrium data for series A vulcanizates are represented by a specific function of the equilibrium modulus and the maximum extensibility; except for SBR and possibly Viton B, equilibrium and failure data are sensibly identical; thus, (λb)max≅ (λ∞)max. For series B vulcanizates, qualitative considerations indicate that (λ∞)max/(λb)max is greater than unity and possibly dependent on crosslink density. Consideration of network models suggests that (λ∞)max should be directly proportional to Mc1/2 and inversely proportional to (〈r2〉0/M)1/2. For series A, no correlation between (λb)max and (〈r2〉0/M)1/2 was found. For series B, it that (λb)max ∝ Mcβ, where β is a constant in the neighborhood of 0.7. For all vulcanizates, (σb)max≅ 104 (λb)max−1, where (σb)max is the stress in psi (based on the undeformed cross section) at (λb)max.

Tensile Properties of Rubber Compounds at High Rates of Stretch

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Roth ◽  
William L. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Adiabatic Conditions ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Abstract Stress-strain relationships and the work of extension for four rubber compounds were studied for a rate of stretching of the order of 1,000 per cent per second. This rate is sufficiently great so that the test may be considered to approach adiabatic conditions. A comparison of these data with similar data for a rate of stretching which lies in the range of speeds common to the usual routine tests shows that increased speed of stretching affects the observed tensile properties as follows: (1) the stresses' are increased at elongations up to about 500 per cent for the loaded compounds and up to 600 per cent for the pure-gum compound, the maximum increases ranging from 75 pounds per square inch for the pure-gum compound to 245 pounds per square inch for the clay compound; (2) the stresses in the carbon-black compounds are decreased slightly at elongations near rupture; (3) the work of extension to rupture is increased for the pure-gum and clay compounds and decreased for the carbon-black compounds, and (4) the work of extension for a given elongation is increased for all the compounds. The stresses and the work of extension at the higher speed reveal no information indicative of resistance to abrasive wear that cannot be gained from similar studies of data obtained in stretching the specimen slowly.

Compressive Deformation and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Conductive Carbon Black Reinforced Microcellular EPDM Vulcanizates

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Mahapatra ◽  
D.K. Tripathy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Conductive Carbon Black

Compressive stress-strain properties of unfilled and conductive carbon black (VulcanXC 72) filled oil extended EPDM (keltan 7341A) microcellular vulcanizates were studied as a function of blowing agent (density) and filler loading. With decrease in density, the compressive stress-strain curves for microcellular vulcanizates behaved differently from those of solid vulcanizates. The compressive stress-strain properties were found to be strain rate dependent. The log-log plots of relative density of the microcellular vulcanizates showed a fairly linear correlation with the relative modulus. The compression set at a constant stress increased with decrease in density. The efficiency of energy absorption E, was also studied as a function of filler and blowing agent loading. From the compressive stress-strain plots the efficiency E and the ideality parameter I, were evaluated. These parameters were plotted against stress to obtain maximum efficiency and the maximum ideality region, which will make these materials suitable for cushioning and packaging applications in electronic devices.

The thermomechanical stress-strain response of intumescent mat materials through experiments and strain decomposition

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J Kim ◽  
J. S Kim ◽  
M. E Walter ◽  
J. K Lee
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Modelling ◽  
Load Control ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Dead Weight ◽  
Transient Stress ◽  
Thermomechanical Stress ◽  
Decomposition Procedure ◽  
Property Changes ◽  
Strain Responses

Intumescent mat materials in catalytic converters undergo chemical reactions that lead to material property changes and volume expansion during heating processes. Dead weight (load control) and displacement control compression experiments have been performed to explore static and transient stress-strain responses. The apparatus and methods for both experiments are described. The experimental results together with a strain decomposition procedure yield a master curve that can be employed for constitutive modelling.

Investigation of cure behaviour and tensile properties of NR/SBR composite filled with carbon black and silica

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagam Seshaiah ◽  
Narava Santhosh Kumar ◽  
Mahamad Khadar Hussain Afrid ◽  
Katta Sriram ◽  
Kandregula Vinay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cure Behaviour

The Mechanism of Reinforcement

1945 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Goldfinger
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Pigment Particle ◽  
Molecular Configuration ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Rubber Stock

Abstract In the fundamental study of the influence of reinforcing pigments, particularly carbon black on rubber, one of the great experimental difficulties is to establish the stress-strain properties of that fraction of the rubber stock which is between the pigment particles, and whose deformation, influenced by the presence of the pigment, is the quantity desired. This paper shows that it is not justifiable to assume that the rubber between pigment particles is equivalent in properties to the original gum stock without pigment, because the addition of pigment induces fractionation of the rubber in such a manner as to concentrate preferentially one molecular configuration around the pigment particle, and hence leave the rubber richer in some other configuration in the spaces between pigment particles.

scholarly journals Length Scale and Aging Effect on the Mechanical Properties of a 63Sn-37Pb Solder Alloy

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jesse Lim ◽  
Wei-Yang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Ultimate Strength ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Failure Strain ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Testing ◽  
Aging Conditions ◽  
Strain Responses

Abstract In this work, uniaxial tensile testing of a 63Sn-37Pb alloy with different specimen sizes and aging conditions had been carried out. Although the stress-strain responses of different specimen sizes and aging conditions differs, the ultimate strength of the specimens with 16 hours, 100°C aging are similar for the sizes tested. The specimens with 25 days, 100°C aging have different stress-strain response with different sizes, and have a lower ultimate strength and higher failure strain compared to 16 hours, 100°C aging specimens.

Capillary Rheometry of Carbon-Black-Filled Butadiene—Acrylonitrile Copolymers

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nakajima ◽  
E. A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Capillary Flow ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Capillary Rheometry ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Acrylonitrile Copolymers

Abstract Capillary rheometry of carbon-black-filled butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymers at 125°C was performed over a wide shear rate range. The data were corrected for pressure loss in the barrel and at the capillary entrance, and for the non-Newtonian velocity profile (Rabinowitsch correction). No appreciable effect of pressure on viscosity was observed. The die swell values were very small, 1.1–1.4. This fact and the shape of the plots of shear stress vs. shear rate imply the presence of a particulate structure, which is probably built by carbon black surrounded with bound rubber. Unlike the behavior of raw amorphous elastomers, the steady-shear viscosity, the dynamic complex viscosity, and the viscosity calculated from tensile stress-strain behavior were significantly different from each other. That is, the capillary flow data indicated an alteration of the structure towards strain softening, and the tensile stress-strain behavior showed strain hardening, indicating retention of the structure up to the yield point. In the dynamic measurement, being conducted at very small strain, the structure is least disturbed. With unfilled elastomers essentially the same deformational mechanism was believed to be responsible in these three measurements, because the results can be expressed by a single master curve.

On stress – strain responses and photoinduced properties of some azo polymers

Polymer ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kozanecka-Szmigiel ◽  
Jerzy Antonowicz ◽  
Dariusz Szmigiel ◽  
Michal Makowski ◽  
Agnieszka Siemion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Strain ◽  
Azo Polymers ◽  
Strain Responses
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