Recent Advances in Anionic Synthesis of Chain-End Functionalized Elastomers Using Epoxides and Related Compounds

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderic P. Quirk ◽  
Deanna L. Gomochak
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Styrene Oxide ◽  
Functionalized Polymers ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Organolithium Compounds ◽  
Anionic Synthesis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Related Compounds

Abstract Recent developments are reviewed for the applications of reactions of polymeric organolithium compounds with epoxides and oxetane to obtain the corresponding ω-hydroxy chain-end functionalized polymers. State-of-the-art characterization methods for ω-functionalized polymers are also reviewed. Investigations of the usefulness of functionalization reactions of polymeric organolithium compounds with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, 1-butene oxide, styrene oxide, oxetane, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and other epoxides are described. In general, these functionalization reactions are very efficient (> 90% yields of ω-hydroxy-functionalized polymers). The use of substituted epoxides is shown to provide an efficient methodology for attachment of a variety of groups at the polymer chain end.

scholarly journals State-of-the-art methods and devices for generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from e-vapor products

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 239784732097975
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Boué ◽  
Didier Goedertier ◽  
Julia Hoeng ◽  
Anita Iskandar ◽  
Arkadiusz K Kuczaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Vapor Generation ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Clinical Exposure ◽  
Aerosol Generation

E-vapor products (EVP) have become popular alternatives for cigarette smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. EVP research is challenging and complex, mostly because of the numerous and rapidly evolving technologies and designs as well as the multiplicity of e-liquid flavors and solvents available on the market. There is an urgent need to standardize all stages of EVP assessment, from the production of a reference product to e-vapor generation methods and from physicochemical characterization methods to nonclinical and clinical exposure studies. The objective of this review is to provide a detailed description of selected experimental setups and methods for EVP aerosol generation and collection and exposure systems for their in vitro and in vivo assessment. The focus is on the specificities of the product that constitute challenges and require development of ad hoc assessment frameworks, equipment, and methods. In so doing, this review aims to support further studies, objective evaluation, comparison, and verification of existing evidence, and, ultimately, formulation of standardized methods for testing EVPs.

scholarly journals Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context—A Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2168
Author(s):  
Samir M. Ahmad ◽  
Oriana C. Gonçalves ◽  
Mariana N. Oliveira ◽  
Nuno R. Neng ◽  
José M. F. Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Controlled Drugs ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Innovative Techniques ◽  
Great Simplicity

The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Coatings, Gratings, and Reflective Components

1984 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 607-616
Author(s):  
R. R. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Technology ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Incoming Radiation ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Electronic Sensors ◽  
Large Primary ◽  
Telescope System

The requirements on gratings and coatings for astronomical use differ from the general industrial requirements primarily in the scale of the components to be fabricated. Telescopes have large primary mirrors which require large coating plants to handle the components. Dispersive elements are driven by the requirement to be efficient in the presence of large working apertures, and usually optimize to large size in order to efficiently use the incoming radiation. Beyond this, there is a “new” technology of direct electronic sensors that places specific limits upon the image scale that can be used at the output of a telescope system, whether direct imagery or spectrally divided imagery is to be examined. This paper will examine the state of the art in these areas and suggest some actions and decisions that will be required in order to apply current technology to the predicted range of large new telescopes.

Carcinogenic and toxicologic effects of inhaled ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in F344 rats

1984 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis W. Lynch ◽  
Trent R. Lewis ◽  
William J. Moorman ◽  
JeAnne R. Burg ◽  
David H. Groth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
F344 Rats
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