Ground Rice-Hull Ash as a Filler for Rubber

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Haxo ◽  
P. K. Mehta

Abstract A ground rice hull ash prepared by a new burning process has been found to be a moderately reinforcing filler for rubber. This filler, 85-90% amorphous silica and 10-15% carbon, is made by a controlled incineration process in which the bulk of the organic components of the rice hulls is removed, leaving the skeletal silica structure of the hull intact and in the amorphous state. The resultant ash is easily ground to produce fine particles, generally in the range of 0.1-2.0 μm. This filler does not adversely affect either the vulcanization characteristics or the aging of SBR, natural rubber, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, neoprene, EPDM, and propylene oxide rubber compounds. As it is predominantly silica, it responds effectively to silane coupling agents in improving properties of the rubber compounds. It is concluded that RHA filler is a satisfactory substitute for MT black and that, in blends with blacks, it can be effectively used as a partial replacement for finer and more reinforcing blacks.

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
José Ronaldo Júnior Brandão ◽  
Fernanda Fernandes de Melo Lopes ◽  
Helen Carolline Macedo Oliveira ◽  
José Neto Pinheiro Lopes ◽  
Guttemberg Silva Silvino

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA CINZA DA CASCA DE ARROZ VERMELHO PARA APLICAÇÃO COMO MATERIAL POZOLÂNICO   JOSÉ RONALDO BRANDÃO JÚNIOR 1, FERNANDA FERNANDES DE MELO LOPES2, HELEN CAROLINE MACEDO OLIVEIRA3, JOSÉ PINHEIRO LOPES NETO 4, GUTTEMBERG DA SILVA SILVINO5   1 Mestrando no PPG em Engenharia Agrícola - UFCG, Rua Aprígio Veloso, nº 882, Bloco CK, bairro Universitário, CEP 58429-900, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil. [email protected] 2 Professora do Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural – UFPB. Rodovia PB-079, s/n, CEP 58397-000, Areia, PB, Brasil. [email protected] 3 Engenheira Agrônoma – UFPB. Rodovia PB-079, s/n, CEP 58397-000, Areia, PB, Brasil. [email protected] 4 Professor da Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola - UFCG, Rua Aprígio Veloso, nº 882, Bloco CK, bairro Universitário, CEP 58429-900, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil. [email protected] 2 Professor do Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural – UFPB. Rodovia PB-079, s/n, CEP 58397-000, Areia, PB, Brasil. [email protected]   RESUMO: Um dos principais problemas na produção do arroz está centrado na quantidade de resíduo gerado nessa atividade, cerca de 20% corresponde a casca, que na maioria das vezes é descartada de forma inadequada. A cinza oriunda da queima controlada da casca do arroz pode fornecer um material pozolânico rico em sílica, que quando aplicado na elaboração das argamassas pode melhorar suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas, além de contribuir com a durabilidade da argamassa. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a viabilidade da utilização da casca de arroz vermelho na obtenção de cinza pozolânica e o seu desempenho quando adicionadas na argamassa, em substituição parcial ao cimento Portland. As cascas foram calcinadas em três temperaturas (500, 600 e 700°C) e períodos de tempo (2, 4 e 6 horas); após a calcinação as cinzas obtidas foram caracterizadas através da tonalidade, rendimento, índice de atividade pozolânica, termogravimetria (TGA) e térmica diferencial (DTA). A influência da pozolanicidade das cinzas na resistência mecânica das argamassas foi determinada através da comparação de corpos-de-prova, elaborados com e sem substituição parcial de 10% de cimento Portland por cinzas. Com os dados encontrados observou-se que a queima controlada a temperatura de 600°C por 4 horas apresentou as melhores características de pozolanicidade estudadas e a argamassa com a incorporação de 10% de cinza da casca de arroz vermelho apresentou resistência à compressão superior à argamassa sem substituição.   Palavras chave: Oryza, resíduo, calcinação, pozolanicidade.   CHARACTERIZATION OF RED RICE SHELL ASH FOR APPLICATION AS POZZOLANIC MATERIAL   ABSTRACT: The main problem in rice production is centered on the amount of residue generated in this activity, about 20% corresponds to bark, which is most often discarded inappropriately. The ash from the controlled burning of the rice husk can provide a pozzolanic material rich in silica, which when applied in the preparation of the mortars can improve its physical and mechanical properties, besides contributing to the durability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of the use of red rice hulls in obtaining pozzolanic ash and their performance when added to the mortar, in partial replacement with Portland cement. The peels were calcined at three temperatures (500, 600 and 700 ° C) and time periods (2, 4 and 6 hours); After calcination the ashes obtained were characterized by tonality, yield, pozzolanic activity index, thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential thermal (DTA). The influence of the ash pozzolanicity on the mechanical strength of the mortars was determined by comparing specimens made with and without partial replacement of 10% Portland cement by ash. With the data found, it was observed that the controlled burning at 600 ° C for 4 hours showed the best characteristics of pozolanicity studied and the mortar with the incorporation of 10% of red rice hull ash showed superior compressive strength to the mortar without replacement.   Keywords: Oryza, residue, cinder, pozolanicity.


2020 ◽  
Vol 858 ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Neslyn L. Principio ◽  
John Patrick B. Avenido ◽  
Jinky Marie S. Manalo ◽  
Deo S. Perez

Due to urbanization, the use of concrete in construction and waste production are arising that resulted to negative impact in environment. There are several studies utilizing cementitious material as substitute to cement and plastic waste as additive to concrete which has potential in increasing the strength. This study utilized recycled polypropylene macro fiber (RPPMF) as a reinforcement and rice hull ash (RHA) as substitute to cement. Varying percentage of RHA (10%, 15%, and 20%) and RPPMF (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%) were incorporated in the concrete mix. Compressive and flexural strength results showed that the combination of RHA and RPPMF has a significant effect in the strength of concrete. Based from the results, the concrete with 10% replacement of RHA and 0.5% addition of RPPMF is theoptimum which has the highest compressive strength of 19.47 MPa with an increase of 13.40%, and a maximum flexural strength test of 3.7 MPa with an increase of 18.62%. Furthermore, the concrete with 10% replacement of RHA for both with additive of 0.75% and 1% RPPMF also attained higher flexural strength than of normal mix with 18.07% and 3.45% increase, respectively. It can be recommended to use for basement foundation walls and slabs, walks, patios, steps, and stairs. Also, it can be used for street roads because it reaches the standard strength of normal mix concrete and lessen the cracks due to addition of RPPMF.


2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
Omar A. Al-Hartomy ◽  
Ahmed A. Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Said A. Farha Al Said ◽  
Nikolay Dishovsky ◽  
Mihail Mihaylov

AbstractThe aim of the present article is to investigate the influence of the amount of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide on the curing characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties of rubber composites based on epoxidized natural rubber (Epoxyprene 50) filled with 70 phr silica. The obtained results showed that although the interaction between the epoxy groups of epoxidized natural rubber and the silanol groups of silica through hydrogen bonds improves the dispersion of filler in the rubber matrix, the presence of silane coupling agents is necessary to obtain rubber compounds and vulcanizates with good vulcanization characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties.


2012 ◽  
Vol 193-194 ◽  
pp. 423-426
Author(s):  
Bo Cheng Sun ◽  
Shao Qing Wang

This technical note discusses an innovative use of rice hull ash (RHS) as filler in concrete. RHS in the range of 0–30% was used as a partial replacement for ordinary cement in a concrete of mix ratio 1:2:4:0.6 (cement: sand: coarse aggregate: water cement ratio). Fresh concrete properties, compressive, split tensile strengths, and modulus of rupture were measured for concrete mixtures with RHS within the investigated replacement levels. The results showed that the setting times of RSH concrete increased with higher ash content, while the compressive, split tensile strengths and modulus of rupture showed a reverse trend.


2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (24) ◽  
pp. 10219-10227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Khalil ◽  
Andrew George Chryss ◽  
Margaret Jollands ◽  
Satinath Bhattacharya

2013 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer

ABSTRACT The rubber formulation plays a significant role in the properties of NR compounds filled with silica. In this work, the influences of various silicas, silane coupling agents, and diphenylguanidine (DPG) on the properties of compounds and vulcanizates—that is, cure characteristics, Mooney viscosity, flocculation kinetics, bound rubber content, Payne effect, tan δ at 60°C, tensile properties, and tear properties—are investigated. The results demonstrate that compound viscosity and curing behavior, as well as vulcanizate properties of the silica-filled NR, are much improved by incorporating silane coupling agents. Bis-triethoxysilylpropyltetrasulfide clearly gives better overall properties than the disulfide-based silane bis-triethoxysilylpropyldisulfide, except for scorch safety. DPG acts as a synergist to sulfenamide primary accelerators, as well as activator for the silanization reaction. Highly dispersible (HD) silicas can significantly enhance the degree of dispersion and so lead to higher filler–rubber interaction. As a consequence, the HD silicas provide better dynamic and mechanical properties for filled NR vulcanizates compared with conventional counterparts. The optimal quantities of both silane coupling agent and DPG required in the formulation are correlated to the cetyl trimethylammonium bromide specific surface area of the silicas. Furthermore, the results reveal that the silica structure as characterized by the dibutylphthalate adsorption also strongly influences the reinforcing efficiency.


2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jin ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
A. Blume

ABSTRACT Silica-reinforced S-SBR/BR tire tread compounds often show characteristic vulcanization profiles that do not exhibit a distinct maximum in the cure curve nor a plateau profile within acceptable time scales (marching modulus). In such a situation, it is difficult to determine the optimum curing time, and as a consequence, the physical properties of the rubber compounds may vary. Previous studies stated that the curing behavior of silica-filled rubber compounds is related to the degree of filler dispersion, the silanization, and the filler–polymer coupling reaction, as well as to the donation of free sulfur from the silane coupling agent. Such results imply that these are the key factors for minimization of the marching modulus. Various silane coupling agents with different sulfur ranks and functionalities were mixed at varied silanization temperatures. The correlation between these factors and their effect on the marching modulus intensity (MMI) were investigated. The MMI was monitored by measuring the vulcanization rheograms using a rubber process analyzer at small (approximately 7%) and large (approximately 42%) strains to discriminate the effects of filler–filler and filler–polymer interactions on the marching modulus of the silica-filled rubber compounds. Both factors have an intricate influence on the marching modulus, determined by the degree of filler–filler interaction and the coupling agent.


1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wolff

Abstract The desire to obtain a higher share for silica in tire compounding has been one motivation in the development of silane coupling agents. This development has reached a stage where at least a partial replacement of semi-active and active carbon blacks with silane-modified white fillers is technically feasible although costs are still too high. Nevertheless, silica tires with bis-(3-triethoxisilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide (TESPT) have been built on a development scale and tested under various conditions. Over the last ten years, the coupling agent TESPT has developed into a special rubber chemical. This is due to its simultaneous capability of forming equilibrium cure systems, polysulfidic crosslinks with extremely high thermal stability, and rubber-to-filler bonds to improve silica-rubber interaction. In conjunction with silica, TESPT gives superior physical vulcanizate properties such as low heat build-up, better performance under continuous deformation, and better tear and cutting resistance than vulcanizates with carbon black only. Its present main application is in truck, off-the-road, and earth-mover tires to solve specific tire problems.


2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byungkyu Ahn ◽  
Jong-Yeop Lee ◽  
Donghyuk Kim ◽  
Il Jin Kim ◽  
Sangwook Han ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Silane coupling agents are commonly used in silica-filled rubber compounds to hydrophobize the silica surface and improve filler–rubber interaction. The coupling agent bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT) is the most widely used coupling agent. The tetrasulfide is more reactive than the disulfide in bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide (TESPD) due to its low decomposition energy, resulting in more coupling reaction with rubber molecules. Meanwhile, vulcanization temperature affects chemical networks. Polysulfide is vulnerable to heat, so it can be easily broken to form shorter crosslinks. Compounds with TESPD or TESPT were vulcanized at 160 and 180 °C. In addition to the decomposition, the reactivity of the silanes was confirmed from the cure characteristics of the compounds without the curatives. TESPD could also cause a coupling reaction without the curatives such as TESPT known to release free sulfur. By analyzing vulcanizate structures, total crosslink density was separated into chemical crosslink density and filler–rubber networks. Applying TESPT or vulcanizing at 180 °C increased the filler–rubber networks, and the higher vulcanization temperature decreased the chemical crosslink density. By correlating physical properties, effects of the vulcanizate structures on performance of tread compounds were investigated. The filler–rubber interaction was dominant for wet traction and mechanical properties in tensile test. The chemical crosslink density affected rolling resistance.


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