Lubricated Friction of Rubber. I. Introduction

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 832-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Bevilacqua ◽  
E. P. Percarpio
Keyword(s):  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Improved Technique ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract This review introduces a series of reports on a quantitative study of friction of rubber on wet surfaces. It was derived from concern over safety aspects of skidding on wet roads; this first paper deals with the relation between safety and traction. Subsequent papers deal with: A quantitative approach to characterization of road surfaces, identification of the surface features of importance, and estimation of their relative contributions to lubricated friction. Quantitative estimates of effects of properties of rubber materials on lubricated friction and an analysis of their relative importance in interaction with the significant features of the road surface. A quantitative basis for evaluation of wet skid resistance of roads, the choice of the rubber to be used in this evaluation, and methods of testing. An improved technique to measure the property of tread rubber important for wet skid resistance of tires. Identification and interpretation of the nature of friction on ice at low temperatures.

scholarly journals Characterization of Road Condition with Data Mining Based on Measured Kinematic Vehicle Parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Masino ◽  
Jakob Thumm ◽  
Guillaume Levasseur ◽  
Michael Frey ◽  
Frank Gauterin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Matlab Toolbox ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Road ◽  
Acceleration Sensors ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Road Condition ◽  
Sensor Signals

This work aims at classifying the road condition with data mining methods using simple acceleration sensors and gyroscopes installed in vehicles. Two classifiers are developed with a support vector machine (SVM) to distinguish between different types of road surfaces, such as asphalt and concrete, and obstacles, such as potholes or railway crossings. From the sensor signals, frequency-based features are extracted, evaluated automatically with MANOVA. The selected features and their meaning to predict the classes are discussed. The best features are used for designing the classifiers. Finally, the methods, which are developed and applied in this work, are implemented in a Matlab toolbox with a graphical user interface. The toolbox visualizes the classification results on maps, thus enabling manual verification of the results. The accuracy of the cross-validation of classifying obstacles yields 81.0% on average and of classifying road material 96.1% on average. The results are discussed on a comprehensive exemplary data set.

CHARACTERIZATION OF ROAD PROFILES BASED ON FRACTAL PROPERTIES AND CONTACT MECHANICS

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Motamedi ◽  
Saied Taheri ◽  
Corina Sandu ◽  
Pierrick Legrand
Keyword(s):  
Contact Theory ◽  
The Road ◽  
Frictional Properties ◽  
Wet Friction ◽  
Fractal Properties ◽  
Fractal Parameters ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Friction Measurements ◽  
Friction Prediction

ABSTRACT A major challenge in tire and road engineering is to understand the intricate mechanisms of friction. Pavement texture is a feature of the road surface that determines most tire–road interactions, and it can be grouped into two classes of macro-texture and micro-texture. Since the effects of micro-texture and macro-texture dominate the friction measurements at low and high slip speeds, they can help provide sufficient resistance to skidding, if maintained at high levels. A non-contact profilometer is used to measure the macro- and micro-texture of several different road surfaces. The friction number for each surface is measured using the Michigan Department of Transportation's (MDOT) single axle friction trailer. Some fractal parameters of the measured profiles are estimated, and it is proved that all measured profiles display strong fractal behavior. The correlation between texture and fractal parameters and friction is investigated. It is shown that while global fractal quantities fail to classify pavement profiles, the pointwise Hölder exponent as a local fractal parameter, and also the mean square roughness, can discriminate profiles that have different frictional properties. For five road surfaces, two-dimensional (2D) characterization is done using one-dimensional (1D) profile measurements. The hysteretic coefficient of friction is estimated using the contact theory developed by B.N.J. Persson. Good correlation is observed between the wet friction measurements and friction prediction results.

ELASTOMERIC NANOPARTICLES: EFFECTIVE ADDITIVE FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES

2020 ◽  
pp. 000-000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Jinliang Qiao ◽  
Zhifeng Zhou ◽  
Jianming Gao ◽  
Guicun Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Wear Life ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

ABSTRACT The “magic triangle” is the most important challenge to rubber composites for the automobile industry. According to the magic triangle, it is difficult to improve the rolling resistance (energy saving), wet skid resistance (safety), and wear (life) of a tire simultaneously. However, ∼5% decrease of rolling resistance, >20% increase of wet skid resistance, and 15% decrease of wear were achieved after adding a small amount of elastomeric nanoparticle (ENP). The effect of ENP on the performances of rubber composites was expounded by characterization of the dispersion of filler and the relationship between filler and rubber. The main difference between ENPs and other nanoparticles was that ENPs acted as not only a part of filler but also as a part of rubber in rubber composites.

Investigation on Wet Skid Resistance of Tread Rubber

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wu ◽  
C. Zhang ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
B. Su ◽  
B. Gond
Keyword(s):  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Uncertainty in the standardized method "Characterization of the acoustic properties of road surfaces" by CEN TC227 WG5

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. 314-322
Author(s):  
Gijsjan van Blokland ◽  
Luc Goubert
Keyword(s):  
Calculation Model ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Standardized Method ◽  
Limited Accuracy

TC227 of CEN has developed a method to determine the effect of the road pavement on the sound emission of road vehicles. The proposed methods can be applied to define the acoustic label value of a generic or proprietary pavement type, to check compliance of a pavement with the specifications for that pavement type and to monitor the development of the acoustic properties over the lifetime of the product. With the procedure one can additionally derive the coefficients for the pavement correc tion in the noise emission formulae for road vehicles in the CNOSSOS-EU calculation model. The application of the method exhibits a limited accuracy. The paper investigates the sources of uncertainty of the standardized method and combine the contributions into a single overall uncertainty according to the procedures laid down in Guide 98-3 of ISO. The uncertainty is determined for each of the listed application areas. From the uncertainty analysis the major contributions are identified. Improvement of the method shall focus on only these contributions.

Characterization of the road surfaces in real time

2016 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ibarra ◽  
Ricardo Ramírez-Mendoza ◽  
Saúl Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Surfaces

Effect of Cohesion Loss Factor on Wet Skid Resistance of Tread Rubber

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Takino ◽  
N. Isobe ◽  
H. Tobori ◽  
S. Kohjiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Black Oil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The effect of cohesion loss factor on wet skid resistance has not been studied systematically using three major factors, i.e., adhesion, hysteresis, and cohesion. Two different abrasions, PICO and BPST, as the cohesion loss factor were investigated for different polymers, carbon black grades, and carbon black/oil loadings. These two abrasion mechanisms are quite different, and BPST abrasion was concluded to be more suitable as a cohesion loss factor for the BPST (wsn) and tire wet μa. From the difference between PICO and BPST abrasions, superior material factors were analyzed from the viewpoint of the compatibility of both abrasion life and wet skid resistance of tire.

Lubricated Friction of Rubber. VII. Notes on a Standard Tire and Procedure for Skid Testing

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 890-894
Author(s):  
E. M. Bevilacqua ◽  
E. P. Percarpio
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Rational Basis ◽  
Specific Detail ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Past ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Set Up

Abstract In an effort to achieve uniformity in testing and reporting skid resistance as a necessary preliminary to attempts to make improvements in roads on a rational basis, cooperative efforts have been underway over the past several years to standardize apparatus and equipment. One part of this effort has been the designation of a standard tire (ASTM E249-64T) for skid resistance testing. At the time this standard was set up important factors in skid resistance were not fully known and a composition was chosen on the basis that it was representative of actual tread stocks which have been used and had skid resistance shown by experience to be satisfactory. We have recently described evidence that the skid resistance of tires on real roads can be described absolutely in terms of properties of the tread stock which can be measured readily in the laboratory. In the course of this work we have further found evidence that the proposed standard tire is not as sensitive to variation in properties of the road as others which might be used. We have also shown that important properties of the road surface can be measured without a priori knowledge of the character of the road by the use of more than one rubber composition at the same location. Finally, we have observed that speed sensitivity of friction on road surfaces can be determined by low speed measurements. This report is therefore written to suggest that consideration be given to revision of procedures currently in view to take advantage of advances in our present state of knowledge. Since the recommendations constitute a substantial departure, they are not set forth here in specific detail, but their basis presented for consideration.

Lubricated Friction of Rubber. VI. Portable Rebound Tester, with Particular Application to Wet Skid Resistance of Tires

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-889
Author(s):  
E. P. Percarpio ◽  
E. M. Bevilacqua
Keyword(s):  
Important Variable ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Made In ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract An important conclusion from Part V of this series is that the wet skid resistance of a tire tread rubber is almost completely determined by its resilience and hardness, resilience being the more important variable. A useful feature of this relation is that both measurements are nondestructive and can be made, in principle, on a finished tire. Hardness is easily measured with commercially available instruments, such as the Shore Durometer, but a comparably useful instrument, one portable and suitable for use to measure resilience of finished and mounted tires, was not available. We have made and used such an instrument and have found additionally that it has features which make it useful for other purposes, notably measurement of resilience of very thin rubber specimens.

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