Survey of Treadwear, Groove Cracking, and Carbon Black Properties

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merton L. Studebaker
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Service Conditions

Abstract Resistance to treadwear is dependent upon the particle size, ultimate composition and “structure” of the carbon black used for reinforcement. Under moderate service conditions, reinforcement, as measured by treadwear index, is dominated by particle size. Under severe test conditions, the “structure” of the carbon black makes a very important contribution to the treadwear index. Groove cracking is quite dependent on the nature of the elastomer. Reversals in the effects of the nature of the crosslink, carbon black structure and particle size on groove cracking have been observed when the elastomer is changed from natural rubber to SBR.

Ozone and Sunlight Effect on Aging of Carbon Black Vulcanizates

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
George E. Popp ◽  
Lynn Harbison
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Polymer Compound ◽  
Type Particle ◽  
Weather Resistance

Abstract Carbon black, regardless of type, particle size, structure, and physical properties imparted, does not affect the rate or degree of checking or cracking in natural-rubber or low-temperature polymer compounds when subjected to weather or ozone exposure. Natural rubber will withstand much longer periods of exposure than the synthetic polymer studied. A pronounced degree of ozone and weather cracking and checking will result if no antioxidant is compounded into the synthetic polymer. An MAF black-synthetic polymer compound may be substantially improved in its resistance to ozone and weather resistance by selection and application of the proper antichecking ingredients.

Influence of Carbon Black on the Oxidation of Natural Rubber

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 862-868
Author(s):  
G. J. van Amerongen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Catalytic Action ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Aging Resistance ◽  
Solubility Of Oxygen

Abstract In this investigation an attempt was made to determine to what extent the solubility of oxygen in natural rubber and the aging resistance are influenced by the incorporation of carbon blacks of various particle sizes in the rubber. The influence of the particle size of carbon black on the oxidizability of GR-S loaded with carbon black had already been proved by Winn, Shelton, and Turnbull. In their explanation of this effect, carbon black was considered to be a catalyst for the oxidation reaction of rubber, although nothing was known about the nature of this catalytic action. Moreover, measurements with natural rubber were lacking.

The Influence of Carbon Black on the Reversion Process in Sulfur-Accelerated Vulcanization of Natural Rubber

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Chen ◽  
J. L. Koenig ◽  
J. R. Shelton ◽  
E. A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Universal Curve ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
System Operating

Abstract The effect of carbon black upon the reversion process in the sulfur-accelerated vulcanization of natural rubber has been studied. It is found that black-filled cure systems have a faster rate of vulcanization and better reversion resistance. The net decrease of trans-methine content, which is equivalent to the improvement of reversion resistance, is found to be at most 15%, with the initial 10 pphr loading yielding the greatest effect. However, those decreases of trans-methine content are small when compared with the substantial effects of these fillers on the physical-mechanical properties of the vulcanizate, which is a linear function of black loading. In general, the smaller the black particle size, the greater the improvement of the reversion resistance, but particle size alone is not the only factor affecting reversion. A universal curve is obtained for correlating the amount of reversion and trans-methine content, which is independent of any natural rubber-based curing system, operating conditions and type of fillers.

Effect of palmyra palm fiber filler on properties of natural rubber vulcanizate

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-574
Author(s):  
J. Nwabanne ◽  
P. Igbokwe ◽  
E. Ezeonyebuchi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Loading Ratio

The effect of partial replacement of carbon black by Palmyra palm fiber on the cure characteristics, physico-mechanical and swelling properties of natural rubber vulcanizates was studied. The Palmyra palm fibers were extracted, treated and characterized so as to determine pH, moisture content, and ash content, loss on ignition, conductivity, cellulose, lignin, Hemicellulose, cellulose/lignin ratio and Acid soluble lignin. The functional groups in the Palmyra palm fiber was also determined using FTIR. The Palmyra palm powder with an average particle size of 75 μm was used in this study. The natural rubber/carbon black/Palmyra palm fiber (NR/CB/PPF) composites having eight different loadings, 0/70, 10/60, 20/50, 30/40, 40/30, 50/20, 60/10, 70/0, were prepared using a laboratory size two roll mill. The maximum Torque of NR/CB/PPF composites increased with increasing commercial filler loading ratio. The scorch time and cure time of NR/CB/PPF composites decreased as the ratio of CB loading increased. The tensile strength, modulus of elongation, tear strength and abrasion resistance of all the composites increased as the commercial filler loading ratio increased. This is due to the presence of the commercial filler which gave a better filler interaction. Also this behavior can be attributed to the particle size and surface area of the fillers used as the fillers with small particle size usually have a larger surface area which supports better filler-rubber interaction. The hardness increased as the palmyra palm fiber loading increased. The elongation at break decreases as carbon black filler loading increases except for the composite with CB/PPF ratio of 10/60. The effect of filler loading on the swelling behavior of NR/CB/PPF composites was also investigated in aromatic and aliphatic compounds. Result showed that the composites with more carbon black has less absorption than those with more palmyra palm fiber showing that the compounds with more carbon black has better interaction than those with palmyra palm fiber.

The Carbon Black Sonofication Effects on Vulcanisate Properties of Natural Rubber

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahendra Anggaravidya ◽  
Sudirman Sudirman ◽  
Bambang Soegijono ◽  
Emil Budianto ◽  
Martin Djamin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

The mechanical properties of natural rubber can be enhanced by the addition of carbon black. The mechanical properties change is highly affected by particle size and carbon black structure used. A modification of N660 carbon black was conducted in the research by sonoficating the carbon black for 3 and 5 hours (N600-M3; M5). The results of adding modified carbon black were characterised by Particle Size Analysis (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscopes - Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The addition of modified carbon black shows bound rubber, thermal properties, and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus 300% on the vulcanisate produced were increased from the vulcanisate that had been filled with N660 natural (N660-N). Keywords: natural rubber, carbon black, particle size, sonofication, characterisation

INFLUENCE OF FILLERS ON SEMI-EFFICIENT VULCANIZED NATURAL RUBBER: DYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND HEAT BUILDUP

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Zhiyi Zhang ◽  
Guizhe Zhao ◽  
Yaqing Liu ◽  
Ye Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Heat Buildup

ABSTRACT Carbon black and silica have long been recognized as reinforcing fillers, but their effect on the dynamic properties and heat buildup of vulcanizates is rarely reported. Therefore, natural rubber composites filled by carbon black with different particle size and silica were prepared. The Payne effect and heat buildup progressively decrease with an increase of carbon black particle size because of weaker filler network structure and better dispersion, the N754 filled sample in particular shows the lowest value, only 4.7 °C. The tensile strength and tear strength of composites all increase with the reducing carbon black particle size. SiO2-filled composites exhibit obvious Payne effects and inferior mechanical properties; at high strains (>10%), tan δ of SiO2-filled composites surpasses all that of carbon black–filled composites, due to the surface silanol groups on the silica surface and due to the decreased cross-link density.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

Rubber Fracture Characterization Using J-Integral

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Chow ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
P. N. Tse
Keyword(s):  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Fracture Parameter ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Specimen Length ◽  
Fracture Characterization ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Material Evaluation

Abstract The use of the J-integral to investigate fracture characterization in a carbon black reinforced natural rubber is described. Three applications to crack initiation are included: two based on the use of a hypothetical zero specimen length and one on conventional testing procedures for metals. While the validity of the zero-length methods is questionable, the conventional method yielded a consistent Jc value of 1.01 N/mm for a typical tire compound. This value was obtained from 24 combinations of varying specimen geometries and pre-crack lengths. The J-integral is revealed as a valid fracture parameter that is applicable not only for material evaluation but also for designing tire structures to resist premature failure. These conclusions disagree with those from an earlier investigation, so the causes for the discrepancies are examined and discussed.

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