Bonding of Rubber to Carbon Black by Sulfur Vulcanization

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rivin ◽  
J. Aron ◽  
A. I. Medalia
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rate Determining Step ◽  
Sulfur Vulcanization ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Translational Entropy ◽  
Sulfur Curing

Abstract As an approach toward understanding the interaction of rubber with carbon black, we have studied the chemisorption of a model olefin (2-methyl-2-octene) on carbon black. Some olefin becomes chemisorbed on simply heating these two materials together, and can be distinguished from physically adsorbed material by its resistance to removal by solvents at room temperature. The presence of an MBTS accelerated sulfur curing system causes additional chemisorption. The amount of olefin chemisorbed can also be increased by the use of larger amounts of sulfur but is decreased by an increase in MBTS, owing to competitive chemisorption of the MBTS. Sulfur is also chemisorbed, to a somewhat greater extent than the olefin, but is desorbed more readily than the olefin, suggesting that these two components are chemisorbed separately. The chemisorbed olefin is believed to be highly mobile on the carbon black surface, and indeed its stability is ascribed primarily to a loss of translational entropy associated with the rate-determining step in desorption. The curing system decreases the stability of the chemisorbed olefin, apparently due to the formation of localized bonds which decrease the translational entropy of the olefin.

Radiotracer Studies of Carbon Black Surface Interactions with Organic Systems. I. Experimental Approach and Initial Results from Chemisorption and Vinyl Polymerization Studies

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Deviney ◽  
Lawrence E. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
Surface Interactions ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Basic Reaction ◽  
Black Surface

Abstract Radiotracer techniques have been applied to the study of interactions of carbon black surface functional groups with two chosen organic systems. The basic reaction mechanisms demonstrated in this study may have implications in elastomer reinforcement. Direct radiochemical evidence supports the conclusions of Hallum and Drushel (based on less direct polarographic data) that surface quinonic groups exhibit hydrogen abstraction activity toward tertiary hydrogens in paraffinic hydrocarbons. Studies on the system carbon black and styrene using tritium radiotracer have provided direct evidence that phenolic hydrogens participate in the polymerization acceleration and graft polymer formation reaction and are transferred to the growing polystyrene chains as postulated by Donnet. Several methods have been developed for specifically labelling certain oxygenated functional groups on the carbon surface with tritium and for tritium labelling carbon black in aromatic hydrogen positions. The techniques developed in this work and the basic reaction mechanisms derived will permit this investigation to be extended into a radiochemical study of carbon black surface interactions with elastomer related systems of interest to the rubber industry.

scholarly journals Analysis of Activation Process of Carbon Black Based on Structural Parameters Obtained by XRD Analysis

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Sang-Min Lee ◽  
Sang-Hye Lee ◽  
Jae-Seung Roh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Pore Properties

In the present study, carbon black activated by CO2 gas was examined through XRD analysis, especially with regard to changes in its structural parameters. Based on the results, its activation process was thoroughly analyzed. The activation process was controlled by isothermally activating the carbon black inside a reaction tube through which CO2 gas flowed. With this approach, the degree of activation was varied as desired. At an early stage of the activation process, the amorphous fraction on the carbon black surface was preferentially activated, and later the less-developed crystalline carbon (LDCC) region inside the carbon black particles started to be activated. The latter process was attributable to the formation of pores inside the carbon black particles. As the activation process proceeded further, the more-developed crystalline carbon (MDCC) region started to be activated, thereby causing the pores inside the carbon black particles to grow larger. At the last stage of the activation process, La was found to be decreased to about 40 Å. This implied that the edges of the graphite crystals had been activated, thus causing the internal pores to grow and coalesce into larger pores. Activated conductive Super-P with enhanced pore properties is expected to have wide applications.

Grafting Poly(n-butyl acrylate) from a Functionalized Carbon Black Surface by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization†

Langmuir ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
pp. 6342-6345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianqi Liu ◽  
Shijun Jia ◽  
Tomasz Kowalewski ◽  
Krzysztof Matyjaszewski ◽  
Rosa Casado-Portilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Butyl Acrylate ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface
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