The Nature and Activity of Carbon Black Surfaces

1950 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Smith ◽  
W. D. Schaeffer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Activity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Equal Concentration ◽  
Heats Of Adsorption ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Chemisorbed Oxygen

Abstract While the electron microscope and adsorption isotherm techniques for evaluating the particle size and surface area of carbon blacks have been particularly valuable in interpreting their behavior in rubber, they also emphasize the fact that reinforcement cannot be interpreted solely on this basis. The activity or nature of the surface must also be considered. Heats of adsorption offer a means of evaluating surface activity. The differential heats of adsorption have been measured by precision calorimetry for nitrogen and a series of C4 hydrocarbons on a group of carbon blacks of varying reinforcing ability. Initial sites of high activity were detected. Surface activity decreases with increasing surface coverage. The magnitude of the initial heats parallels the reinforcing properties of the blacks studied. The surface activity and reinforcing ability of an MPC black was found to be greatly reduced by high temperature treatment. These effects were not influenced by the chemical nature of the surface, i.e., the presence of chemisorbed oxygen or volatile substances. In a further phase of this study, the nature of the surface oxide complexes present on carbon blacks has been studied by means of their emission band spectra in a special vacuum discharge tube. Aldehyde and carboxyl radicals were observed in high concentration. Hydroxyl radicals were also present in nearly equal concentration. These data offer a satisfactory interpretation of the pH properties of carbon black and also should prove of value in interpreting other chemical properties.

scholarly journals Understanding the structural transformation of carbon black from solid spheres to hollow polyhedra during high temperature treatment

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (51) ◽  
pp. 29779-29783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengwei Fan ◽  
Yifan Liu ◽  
Jiayao Zhu ◽  
Luxiang Wang ◽  
Xiaohong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Core Structure ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Carbon Black Nanoparticles ◽  
Solid Spheres

Carbon black nanoparticles with a solid skin–core structure gradually transform to hollow nanopolyhedra when treated above 1800 °C.

Fabrication and Characterization of Yttrium Lanthanum Oxide Transparent Ceramics Using Powders Prepared by Different Methods

2011 ◽  
Vol 299-300 ◽  
pp. 588-591
Author(s):  
Yun Han Li ◽  
Qiu Hong Yang ◽  
Shen Zhou Lu
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Reaction ◽  
Lanthanum Oxide ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Particle Growth ◽  
Solid State Reaction Method ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Transparent Ceramics ◽  
Composite Powders

Yttrium Lanthanum Oxide transparent ceramics were fabricated with (Y0.9La0.1)2O3 powders prepared by different methods. The growth characteristics, physical and chemical properties of the powders were investigated. The wet-chemical composite powders’ particle size was inhibited by La2O3 at high temperature treatment, therefore smaller than that of powders by solid-state reaction method. During the solid-state reaction between La2O3 and Y2O3 at temperature of 700~1100°C, La2O3 may have not effectively hindered the particle growth of Y2O3. (Y0.90La0.10)2O3 ceramic fabricated by both powders own smaller grain size and lower porosity than Y2O3 ceramics. The transmittance and sintering performance of Y2O3 ceramics were also improved after adding of La2O3. The powders prepared by both methods could be used to make high transparency ceramics.

scholarly journals Studies of adsorption of polychlorocarbons on carbon blacks by gas chromatography

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Zagorevskaya ◽  
N. V. Ishchenko ◽  
A. V. Kiselev ◽  
N. V. Kovaleva
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Adsorption Properties ◽  
High Adsorption ◽  
Heats Of Adsorption ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Retention Volumes ◽  
High Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Airborne Chemicals

Adsorption properties of carbon black before and after modification to polyhalogenohydrocarbons, including polyorganochlorine pesticides, have been investigated. It has been shown that graphitised thermal carbon blacks and carbochroms possess high adsorption capacity relative to the above compounds and can be used as supporting adsorbents to analyse these airborne chemicals. Modification raises the selectivity of adsorbents to the compounds being investigated and lowers retention volumes and heats of adsorption, which makes it possible to carry out thermal desorption of the accumulated species at lower temperatures.

scholarly journals How Do the Different Types of Carrier and Drying Techniques Affect the Changes in Physico-Chemical Properties of Powders from Chokeberry Pomace Extracts?

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1864
Author(s):  
Anna Michalska-Ciechanowska ◽  
Aleksandra Hendrysiak ◽  
Jessica Brzezowska ◽  
Aneta Wojdyło ◽  
Agnieszka Gajewicz-Skretna
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Drying Techniques ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
By Products

Chokeberry fruit, one of the richest plant sources of bioactives, is processed into different foodstuffs, mainly juice, which generates a considerable amount of by-products. To follow the latest trends in the food industry considering waste management, the study aimed to produce chokeberry pomace extract powders and conduct experimental and chemometric assessment of the effect of different carriers and drying techniques on the physico-chemical properties of such products. The PCA analysis showed that the examined powders were classified into two groups: freeze-dried (variation in case of moisture content, water activity, colour, and browning index) and vacuum-dried (bulk density). No clear pattern was observed for the physical properties of carrier added products. The sum of polyphenolics (phenolic acids, anthocyanins and flavonols) ranged from 3.3–22.7 g/100 g dry matter. Drying techniques had a stronger effect on the polyphenols profile than the type of carrier. Hydroxymethyl-L-furfural formation was enhanced by inulin addition during high-temperature treatment. Overall, the addition of maltodextrin and trehalose mixture for freeze drying and vacuum drying at 90 °C caused the highest retention of polyphenolics and the lowest formation of hydroxymethyl-L-furfural; however, an individual and comprehensive approach is required when the obtainment of high-quality chokeberry powders is expected.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF TANNASE ON CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF CASHEW APPLE JUICE (Anacardium occidentale Linn)

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Yunita Arian Sari Anwar
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Cashew Apple Juice ◽  
Cashew Apple

<p>We previously produced tannase from <em>Aspergillus niger</em> using solid state medium. In the present study the enzyme used cashew apple juice. The aim this research was to know effect of tannase on chemical parameters of cashew apple juice. The concentration of tannase used was 0%; 0.02%; 0.04%; 0.06%; 0.08% and 0.1% (v/v). The chemical properties of the juice produced by enzymatic method were compared with the juiced produced through high temperature treatment (100<sup>o</sup>C).  This research showed that the addition of 0.1% of tannase enzyme provide the best product according to the lower content of tannins than the content of tannins in the juice produced with high temperature treatment. The tannase treatment did not change the vitamin C content, content of protein and pH. Meanwhile, high temperature treatment decreased the content of vitamin C and protein.</p>

EFFECT OF TANNASE ON CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF CASHEW APPLE JUICE (Anacardium occidentale Linn)

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunita Arian Sari Anwar
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Cashew Apple Juice ◽  
Cashew Apple

<p>We previously produced tannase from <em>Aspergillus niger</em> using solid state medium. In the present study the enzyme used cashew apple juice. The aim this research was to know effect of tannase on chemical parameters of cashew apple juice. The concentration of tannase used was 0%; 0.02%; 0.04%; 0.06%; 0.08% and 0.1% (v/v). The chemical properties of the juice produced by enzymatic method were compared with the juiced produced through high temperature treatment (100<sup>o</sup>C).  This research showed that the addition of 0.1% of tannase enzyme provide the best product according to the lower content of tannins than the content of tannins in the juice produced with high temperature treatment. The tannase treatment did not change the vitamin C content, content of protein and pH. Meanwhile, high temperature treatment decreased the content of vitamin C and protein.</p>

High-Energy Mechanical Synthesis of Nanophase Fluorite-Structured Mixed Oxide Catalysts with a High Redox Activity

1996 ◽  
Vol 454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Primavera ◽  
Alessandro Trovarelli ◽  
Jordillorca ◽  
Daniela Terribile ◽  
Carla de Leitenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Structure ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Redox Properties ◽  
Redox Activity ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Redox Behavior ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Mixed Oxide Catalysts ◽  
Reduction Techniques

ABSTRACTA series of nanostructured, highly defective, ternary solid solutions containing CeO2, ZrO2, and MnO2 or CuO were prepared by high-energy mechanical milling of individual components. Morphological and redox properties were studied by XRD, HRTEM and temperature-programmed reduction techniques. It was shown that the introduction of small amounts of copper and manganese strongly promotes the redox behavior of cerium at lower temperatures in comparison with CeO2 and CeO2-ZrO2. High temperature treatment of up to 1400K was also shown to further promote overall redox capacity without affecting low-temperature redox behavior. Moreover, evidence is provided to show that Cu and Mn are dissolved within the CeO2 lattice structure. Addition of dopants enhances catalytic redox properties in the oxidation of CO at low temperatures, which is associated with the high concentration of oxygen vacancies that form on the introduction of aliovalent elements into the ceria-zirconia lattice.

scholarly journals Carbon black-supported FM–N–C (FM = Fe, Co, and Ni) single-atom catalysts synthesized by the self-catalysis of oxygen-coordinated ferrous metal atoms

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (26) ◽  
pp. 13166-13172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Wang ◽  
Junwei Zhang ◽  
Lirong Zheng ◽  
Jiarui Yang ◽  
Yongcheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
The Self ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Metal Atoms ◽  
Strong Anchoring

Carbon nanomaterials have abundant sources but are difficult to use directly as a support for single atom catalysts (SACs) due to the lack of strong anchoring forces to restrict the aggregation of metal atoms during the high-temperature treatment.

scholarly journals Comparative studies on the adsorption of Pb(II) ions by fly ash and slag obtained from CFBC technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kalak ◽  
Ryszard Cierpiszewski
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Freundlich Model ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract Fly ash and slag were examined for the removal processes of Pb(II) ions from water in batch experiments under different conditions of adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, pH and contact time. The materials are industrial waste generated from the high temperature treatment of sewage sludge by the circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology. Physical and chemical properties, as well as adsorption efficiency and calculated maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) ions were determined using a variety of methods. The kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process is better described by the pseudo-second order equation and it is well fitted to the Freundlich model.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document