Reactivity of Isoprenic and Analogous Hydrocarbons towards Thiocyanic Acid and Dithiocyanogen

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Ralph F. Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Amorphous Powder ◽  
Hydrogen Halides ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Thiocyanic Acid ◽  
Methyl Thiocyanate

Abstract By analogy with hydrogen halides and hydrogen sulfide it is reasonable to expect thiocyanic acid to react with olefins, and it has been reported by Kharasch, May, and Mayo that it will add to isobutylene at room temperature to give a mixture of tert.-butyl thiocyanate and isothiocyanate. Under similar conditions in the present work, the only product that was obtained from cyclohexene and thiocyanic acid was a small quantity of an amorphous powder, probably mainly a perthiocyanic acid, formed by elimination of hydrogen cyanide from three molecules of thiocyanic acid. This tendency towards decomposition of the reagent prevented the use of elevated temperatures, and when methyl thiocyanate (a potential source of SCN and Me radicals by thermal decomposition) was heated at 170° with 1-methylcyclohexene and a little benzoyl peroxide (as catalyst), it underwent but slight reaction, the drop or two of product giving analytical values which suggested that it might be an impure adduct. Attempts to catalyze the addition of thiocyanic acid to, rubber included the use of ultraviolet irradiation, and of aluminum chloride or ferric chloride as catalyst. The most successful of these attempts was with ultraviolet light, but even then the product contained only 1.95% of sulfur, which represented 6% addition to the double bonds of rubber.

The Formation of Sulfur from Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide. A Contribution to the Vulcanization Process of Peachey

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-640
Author(s):  
Lothar Hock ◽  
Hans Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Reaction ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Vulcanization Process ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract In the reduction of sulfur dioxide by hydrogen sulfide, the course of the reaction depends wholly upon whether water is present or the gases are dry. With water present, there is a ready separation of sulfur, even at room temperature, according to the general reaction: SO2+2H2S→3S+2H2O, though accompanied by more complicated reactions involving the formation of polythionic acids. On the contrary at room temperature the dried gases do not react, and only at elevated temperatures do they give rise to sulfur and water vapor, in which case because the reaction is exothermic the equilibrium is displaced more and more toward the original sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Conversely then, the formation of free sulfur is favored by lowering the temperature. The heat of activation of the reaction is however so great, even at room temperature, that the rate of the reaction is imperceptibly small, and accordingly no reaction is observable. In the presence of rubber, on the other hand, conditions are extremely favorable for activation, because the rubber hydrocarbon plays the part of an acceptor of the liberated sulfur and is vulcanized by it, as Peachey and Skipsey were able to show in their well-known work. The question then arises whether, in this form of vulcanization, the water which is already present or which is formed plays a decisive role in starting and continuing the reaction (in which case the formation of polythionic acids might also play a part), or whether the essential reaction takes place between the two gases in the dry state, in which case the reaction progresses in a much more unrestrained way than in the absence of substances which activate the reaction. In view of this, two series of experiments were planned with the object of obtaining a better insight into the reaction. In one series the rate of the reaction with both gases in the dry state was studied by some trial measurements only; in the other series the part played by moisture in vulcanization by the Peachey process and in the vulcanization of rubber swollen in benzene was investigated.

Mechanical Properties and Dislocation Structure of Single Crystal Cdte Deformed in Compression at 300°C

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
Ernest L. Hall ◽  
J. B. Vander Sande
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Dislocation Structure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Optical Devices ◽  
Semiconductor Compound ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sample Orientation

The present paper describes research on the mechanical properties and related dislocation structure of CdTe, a II-VI semiconductor compound with a wide range of uses in electrical and optical devices. At room temperature CdTe exhibits little plasticity and at the same time relatively low strength and hardness. The mechanical behavior of CdTe was examined at elevated temperatures with the goal of understanding plastic flow in this material and eventually improving the room temperature properties. Several samples of single crystal CdTe of identical size and crystallographic orientation were deformed in compression at 300°C to various levels of total strain. A resolved shear stress vs. compressive glide strain curve (Figure la) was derived from the results of the tests and the knowledge of the sample orientation.

Spherulite Structures in a Melt Spun Fe-Ni Austenitic Steel

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
G. M. Michal ◽  
T. K. Glasgow ◽  
T. J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Austenitic Steel ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Ni Alloys ◽  
Melt Spun ◽  
Crystal Fibers ◽  
Rapidly Solidified

Large additions of B to Fe-Ni alloys can lead to the formation of an amorphous structure, if the alloy is rapidly cooled from the liquid state to room temperature. Isothermal aging of such structures at elevated temperatures causes crystallization to occur. Commonly such crystallization pro ceeds by the nucleation and growth of spherulites which are spherical crystalline bodies of radiating crystal fibers. Spherulite features were found in the present study in a rapidly solidified alloy that was fully crysstalline as-cast. This alloy was part of a program to develop an austenitic steel for elevated temperature applications by strengthening it with TiB2. The alloy contained a relatively large percentage of B, not to induce an amorphous structure, but only as a consequence of trying to obtain a large volume fracture of TiB2 in the completely processed alloy. The observation of spherulitic features in this alloy is described herein. Utilization of the large range of useful magnifications obtainable in a modern TEM, when a suitably thinned foil is available, was a key element in this analysis.

FANSTEEL 85 METAL

Alloy Digest ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Creep Strength ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract FANSTEEL 85 METAL is a columbium-base alloy characterized by good fabricability at room temperature, good weldability and a good combination of creep strength and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. Its applications include missile and rocket components and many other high-temperature parts. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and bend strength as well as creep. It also includes information on low and high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Cb-7. Producer or source: Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation. Originally published December 1963, revised June 1981.

The Reactivity of Different Active Forms of Sodium Carbonate with Respect to Sulfur Dioxide

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2302-2308
Author(s):  
Karel Mocek ◽  
Erich Lippert ◽  
Emerich Erdös
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Active Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of the reaction of solid sodium carbonate with sulfur dioxide depends on the microstructure of the solid, which in turn is affected by the way and conditions of its preparation. The active form, analogous to that obtained by thermal decomposition of NaHCO3, emerges from the dehydration of Na2CO3 . 10 H2O in a vacuum or its weathering in air at room temperature. The two active forms are porous and have approximately the same specific surface area. Partial hydration of the active Na2CO3 in air at room temperature followed by thermal dehydration does not bring about a significant decrease in reactivity. On the other hand, if the preparation of anhydrous Na2CO3 involves, partly or completely, the liquid phase, the reactivity of the product is substantially lower.

Strong Coupling: Polariton Bose Condensation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Kavokin ◽  
Jeremy J. Baumberg ◽  
Guillaume Malpuech ◽  
Fabrice P. Laussy
Keyword(s):  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Dissipative System ◽  
Bose Condensation ◽  
Einstein Condensation ◽  
Strong Coupling Regime ◽  
Stimulated Scattering ◽  
Exciton Polaritons ◽  
Bose Einstein

In this Chapter we address the physics of Bose-Einstein condensation and its implications to a driven-dissipative system such as the polariton laser. We discuss the dynamics of exciton-polaritons non-resonantly pumped within a microcavity in the strong coupling regime. It is shown how the stimulated scattering of exciton-polaritons leads to formation of bosonic condensates that may be stable at elevated temperatures, including room temperature.

On the use of Ozawa/Flynn/Wall method to determine aging activation energy for elastomers

2021 ◽  
pp. 009524432110203
Author(s):  
Sudhir Bafna
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Activation Energy ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Wall Method

It is often necessary to assess the effect of aging at room temperature over years/decades for hardware containing elastomeric components such as oring seals or shock isolators. In order to determine this effect, accelerated oven aging at elevated temperatures is pursued. When doing so, it is vital that the degradation mechanism still be representative of that prevalent at room temperature. This places an upper limit on the elevated oven temperature, which in turn, increases the dwell time in the oven. As a result, the oven dwell time can run into months, if not years, something that is not realistically feasible due to resource/schedule constraints in industry. Measuring activation energy (Ea) of elastomer aging by test methods such as tensile strength or elongation, compression set, modulus, oxygen consumption, etc. is expensive and time consuming. Use of kinetics of weight loss by ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA) using the Ozawa/Flynn/Wall method per ASTM E1641 is an attractive option (especially due to the availability of commercial instrumentation with software to make the required measurements and calculations) and is widely used. There is no fundamental scientific reason why the kinetics of weight loss at elevated temperatures should correlate to the kinetics of loss of mechanical properties over years/decades at room temperature. Ea obtained by high temperature weight loss is almost always significantly higher than that obtained by measurements of mechanical properties or oxygen consumption over extended periods at much lower temperatures. In this paper, data on five different elastomer types (butyl, nitrile, EPDM, polychloroprene and fluorocarbon) are presented to prove that point. Thus, use of Ea determined by weight loss by TGA tends to give unrealistically high values, which in turn, will lead to incorrectly high predictions of storage life at room temperature.

scholarly journals First experimental evidence of the piezoelectric nature of struvite

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Prywer ◽  
Rafał Kruszyński ◽  
Marcin Świątkowski ◽  
Andrzej Soszyński ◽  
Dariusz Kajewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Transformation Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Piezoelectric Coefficient ◽  
Piezoelectric Properties ◽  
Parallel Plates ◽  
Gel Growth ◽  
Growth Technique

AbstractIn this paper, we present the first experimental evidence of the piezoelectric nature of struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O). Using a single diffusion gel growth technique, we have grown struvite crystals in the form of plane parallel plates. For struvite crystals of this shape, we measured the piezoelectric coefficients d33 and d32. We have found that at room temperature the value of piezoelectric coefficient d33 is 3.5 pm/V, while that of d32 is 4.7 pm/V. These values are comparable with the values for other minerals. Struvite shows stable piezoelectric properties up to the temperature slightly above 350 K, for the heating rate of 0.4 K/min. For this heating rate, and above this temperature, the thermal decomposition of struvite begins, which, consequently, leads to its transformation into dittmarite with the same non-centrosymmetric symmetry as in case of struvite. The struvite-dittmarite transformation temperature is dependent on the heating rate. The higher the heating rate, the higher the temperature of this transformation. We have also shown that dittmarite, like struvite exhibits piezoelectric properties.

scholarly journals Kinetic Analysis of the Thermal Decomposition of Iron(III) Phosphates: Fe(NH3)2PO4 and Fe(ND3)2PO4

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
Isabel Iglesias ◽  
José A. Huidobro ◽  
Belén F. Alfonso ◽  
Camino Trobajo ◽  
Aránzazu Espina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Isoconversional Methods ◽  
Iron Phosphate ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Monoclinic System ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Group A

The hydrothermal synthesis and both the chemical and structural characterization of a diamin iron phosphate are reported. A new synthetic route, by using n-butylammonium dihydrogen phosphate as a precursor, leads to the largest crystals described thus far for this compound. Its crystal structure is determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (Pnma space group, a = 10.1116(2) Å, b = 6.3652(1) Å, c = 7.5691(1) Å, Z = 4) at room temperature and, below 220 K, changes towards the monoclinic system P21/n, space group. The in situ powder X-ray thermo-diffraction monitoring for the compound, between room temperature and 1100 K, is also included. Thermal analysis shows that the solid is stable up to ca. 440 K. The kinetic analysis of thermal decomposition (hydrogenated and deuterated forms) is performed by using the isoconversional methods of Vyazovkin and a modified version of Friedman. Similar values for the kinetic parameters are achieved by both methods and they are checked by comparing experimental and calculated conversion curves.

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