The Polymerization of Methacrylonitrile. Polymethacrylonitrile

1945 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Kern ◽  
Helmut Fernow
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Thionyl Chloride ◽  
Hydroxy Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phosphorus Pentoxide ◽  
Slight Excess ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Ready Availability

Abstract As the starting point for the preparation of methaerylonitrile, acetonecyanohydrin (α-hydroxybutyronitrile) was chosen because of its ready availability. β-Hydroxybutyronitrile should likewise be well suited for the purpose, but, because of the difficulties involved in its preparation, it was not utilized in the work. The removal of water can be accomplished in various ways. (1) Phosphorus pentoxide does not give such smooth results as it does with ethyleneeyanohydrin, but the reaction can be carried out successfully by centrifuging and the addition of quinoline. Under the same conditions acetaldehydeeyanohydrine (lactonitrile) yields no acrylonitrile. (2) The thermal decomposition of acylated hydroxy-acid derivatives can be applied to acetonecyanohydrin, but this method of preparation is difficult to carry out on a laboratory scale. (3) Removal of water can be carried out very smoothly with thionyl chloride. In addition to methacrylonitrile, α-chloroisobutyronitrile is formed, and from the latter more methacrylonitrile can be obtained by scission of hydrogen chloride. In this procedure, it is highly important to use pure raw materials, especially thionyl chloride, for with pure compounds the yields are higher. It is likewise advantageous to use a slight excess of thionyl chloride.

Preparation of Chloro and Sulfanyl Derivatives of 1-(2-Deoxy-4-C-hydroxymethyl-α-L-threo-Pentofuranosyl)uracil

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1114-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Hřebabecký ◽  
Jan Balzarini ◽  
Antonín Holý
Keyword(s):  
Nucleophilic Substitution ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Thionyl Chloride ◽  
Sodium Methoxide ◽  
Thioacetic Acid ◽  
Uracil Derivatives ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Hiv 1

3'-Chloro and 3'-acetylsulfanyl derivatives of 1-(2-deoxy-4-C-hydroxymethyl-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl)uracil were prepared by reaction of 2,3'-anhydro-1-{5'-O-benzoyl-4'-C-[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-2'-deoxy-α-L-erythro-pentofuranosyl}uracil (3) with hydrogen chloride and thioacetic acid, respectively. The reaction with hydrogen chloride gave a mixture of N-1 and N-3 substituted uracil derivatives 12 and 14. Reaction of 1-{3-O-benzoyl-4-C-[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-2-deoxy-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl}uracil (7) with thionyl chloride and subsequent debenzoylation afforded 1-(4-C-chloromethyl-2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)uracil (19). Nucleophilic substitution with lithium thioacetate, followed by deacylation, converted 1-{3-O-benzoyl-4-C-[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-2-deoxy-5-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl}uracil (9) into 1-(2-deoxy-4-C-sulfanylmethyl-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)uracil (21). The obtained thiols were oxidized with iodine or air to give 1,1'-[disulfandiylbis(2,3-dideoxy-4-hydroxymethyl-α-L-threo-pentofuranose-3,1-diyl]di(pyrimidine-2,4-(1H,3H)-dione) (17) and 1,1'-[disulfandiylbis(2,5-dideoxy-4-hydroxymethyl-α-L-threo-pentofuranose-5,1-diyl]di(pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione) (22). Reaction of 1-{3-acetylsulfanyl-5-O-methanesulfonyl-4-C-[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-2,3-dideoxy-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl)}uracil (24) with methanolic sodium methoxide afforded 1-(3,5-anhydro-2,3-dideoxy-4-C-hydroxymethyl-3-sulfanyl-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl)uracil (25). The same reagent was used in the preparation of 1-(3,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-4-C-hydroxymethyl-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl)uracil (26) from 1-{4-C-[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-2-deoxy-5-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl}uracil (8). From the series of 4'-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine derivatives, synthesized in this study, solely the 4'-chloromethyl derivative 19 and the oxetane derivative 26 exhibited an appreciable activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Thermal Decomposition Conditions of Emulsion Matrix in the Emulsifier

2014 ◽  
Vol 1082 ◽  
pp. 387-390
Author(s):  
Hui Sheng Zhou ◽  
Xing Hua Xie ◽  
Kang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Decomposition Mechanism ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
Emulsion Explosives ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Emulsion Matrix

The main background was the "3.11" accident in this paper. The starting point was based on the experts’ conclusions of investigation and analysis in the accident. Combining the decomposition mechanism of ammonium nitrate in the emulsion explosives and the lessons from the production of emulsion explosives explosion, the conditions of the emulsion explosives (matrix) thermal decomposition in the emulsifier are given that are the formation of hot spot and the accumulation of heat. Then the factors of hot spots generated in the production of emulsion explosives and the occurred conditions of the heat accumulation are analyzed and summarized.

scholarly journals Structures and Properties of Self - crosslinking Silicone Resin

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 02019
Author(s):  
Yong-xin Zhao ◽  
Ying-qiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Silicone Resin ◽  
Structures And Properties ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Good Heat Resistance ◽  
Good Heat

Highly transparent silicone resin with self-crosslinking structure was prepared using phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 1,3,5,7-cyclotetra(methyl siloxane) and bisvinyltetramethyldisiloxane as main raw materials. The structure of silicone resin was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The light transmittance was measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal decomposition process. The microstructure of cured self-crosslinking silicone resin is more uniform, resulting in better light transmittance up to 100% in the range of 400nm ~ 800nm. The cured has relatively good heat resistance, the initial thermal decomposition temperature of the cured could be up to 315.8 °C. SEM observations show that the self-crosslinking silicone has a uniform, textured structure, higher transparency compared with the existing condensation silicone material, and can be used as advanced architectural translucent materials and optics packaging materials.

scholarly journals For our world without sound. The opportunistic debitage in the Italian context: a methodological evaluation of the lithic assemblages of Pirro Nord, Cà Belvedere di Montepoggiolo, Ciota Ciara cave and Riparo Tagliente.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Carpentieri ◽  
Marta Arzarello
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Lithic Assemblages ◽  
Core Technology ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Lower Pleistocene ◽  
Great Heterogeneity ◽  
Italian Context ◽  
Methodological Evaluation

Abstract The opportunistic debitage, originally adapted from Forestier’s S.S.D.A. definition, is characterized by a strong adaptability to local raw material morphology and its physical characteristics and it is oriented towards flake production. Its most ancient evidence is related to the first European peopling by Homo sp. during Lower Pleistocene starting from 1.6 Ma and gradually increasing around 1 Ma. In these sites a great heterogeneity of the reduction sequences and raw materials employed is highlighted, bringing to the identification of multiple technical behaviours. However, the scientific community does not always agree on associating the concepts of opportunism and method to describe these lithic complexes. The same methodological issues remain for the Middle Pleistocene where, simultaneously to an increase of the archaeological evidence and the persistence of the opportunistic debitage, the first bifacial complexes are attested. Further implications concerning the increasing complexity highlighted in core technology management are now at the centre of an important debate regarding the genesis of more specialized method (Levallois and Discoid) especially during MIS 12 and MIS 9. We suggest that the opportunistic debitage could be the starting point for this process, carrying within itself a great methodological and cultural potential.

scholarly journals A new innovation paradigm: combining technological and social innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kohlgrüber ◽  
Antonius Schröder ◽  
Félix Bayón Yusta ◽  
Asier Arteaga Ayarza
Keyword(s):  
Social Innovation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Steel Company ◽  
User Perspective ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
Industry Sectors

A new innovation paradigm is needed to answer the societal, economic and environmental challenges the world and companies are facing. The EU funded Horizon 2020 SPIRE Project “Coordinating Optimisation of Complex Industrial Processes” (COCOP) is combining technological and social innovation within a steel company pilot case (Sidenor). The project aims at reducing raw materials consumption (and energy and emissions reduction as well) by plant-wide optimisation of production processes based on a software solution and at the same time changing social practices. Key for COCOP is a methodology integrating technological innovation within a social innovation process of co-creation and co-development by involving (potential) users of the future software system and relevant stakeholders right from the beginning; thereby improving effectiveness and impact of the innovations and the implementation process. This involvement is instructed and measured by social key performance indicators (social KPIs) and operationalised in surveys (questionnaire and interviews) with future users, engineers and external experts (from different industry sectors not involved in the project). The article presents the results of the starting point of COCOP illustrating the future user perspective of the pilot steel company (Sidenor) contrasted by the view of external experts – seriously taking into account the interfaces between technology, human and organisation.

Studied Catalysis of CuO Nanocrystal on KClO4 Decomposition

2011 ◽  
Vol 335-336 ◽  
pp. 128-131
Author(s):  
Shu Hong Ba ◽  
Zhen Xing Sun ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Chun Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Crystal Shape ◽  
Spherical Nanoparticles ◽  
Shape Transformation ◽  
Cupric Nitrate ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Liquid Phase Reaction

CuO nanocrystal has been successfully synthesized by adopting liquid phase reaction and using cupric nitrate and sodium hydroxide as raw materials. The prepared products are characterized by XRD, FT-IR and TEM. The catalysis of CuO Nanocrystal on KClO4 is investigated by thermal analysis. The results show that CuO nanocrystal is consisted of the mixture of spherical nanoparticles with an average sizes of 11nm. The catalysis of CuO nanocrystal on KClO4 thermal decomposition was strong. And it makes thermal decomposition temperature of KClO4 to decrease 97.7 °C, the decalescence amount also reduced to 79.07 J/g. But the addition of CuO nanocrystal has no effect on the crystal shape transformation of KClO4.

On the Origin of the Spices (and Other Foodstuffs)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Desirable Outcome ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Good Starting Point

The beginning of the story of food is what is termed food production. This might sound logically like the process of making food, such as a chef or food company might, but this term is rather generally used in food science to refer to the so-called primary production of food, from growth of crops to harvesting of fish and minding and milking of cows. Primary production is, for example, what farmers do, producing the food that is brought to the farm-gate, from where the processors take over. So the food chain runs, according to your preference for a snappy soundbite, from grass to glass (for milk), farm to fork, slurry to curry, or (taking the food chain to its logical conclusion, and including the role of the human gut charmingly but appropriately in the chain) from farm to flush. But where do these raw materials that are yielded by primary production actually come from? It is often said that all things found on earth can be divided into categories of animal, vegetable, and mineral. To these could perhaps be added two more categories, microbial and synthetic (man-made). Within these five groups can essentially be placed everything we know as food, so using this classification to consider where our food comes from seems like a good starting point for this book. Perhaps the simplest group to start with is minerals, which might intuitively seem an unlikely source of foodstuffs (do we eat metal or rock?), until we consider where salt comes from and how much of it we add to our food (in other words, probably too much). Our bodies, however, absolutely need for us to consume certain metals and other chemical elements to survive, beyond the sodium and chloride we get from salt, and so many extracted minerals find their way from deposits in the earth into food products. This is particularly important where their biological effects are a desirable outcome (such as in carefully formulated nutritional products). In addition, products such as milk contain minerals like calcium, magnesium, zinc, and more, because the infant or calf needs them to thrive.

scholarly journals Exploring the Wet Mechanochemical Synthesis of Mg-Al, Ca-Al, Zn-Al and Cu-Al Layered Double Hydroxides from Oxides, Hydroxides and Basic Carbonates

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Antoinette Barnard ◽  
Frederick Johannes Willem Jacobus Labuschagné
Keyword(s):  
Mechanochemical Synthesis ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxides ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Method ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Bead Mill ◽  
One Step ◽  
Synthesis Procedure ◽  
Double Hydroxides

The synthesis of Mg-Al, Ca-Al, Zn-Al and Cu-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was investigated with a one-step wet mechanochemical route. The research aims to expand on the mechanochemical synthesis of LDH using a mill designed for wet grinding application. A 10% slurry of solids was added to a Netzsch LME 1 horizontal bead mill and milled for 1 h at 2000 rpm. Milling conditions were selected according to machine limitations and as an initial exploratory starting point. Precursor materials selected consisted of a mixture of oxides, hydroxides and basic carbonates. Samples obtained were divided such that half was filtered and dried at 60 °C for 12 h. The remaining half of the samples were further subjected to ageing at 80 °C for 24 h as a possible second step to the synthesis procedure. Synthesis conditions, such as selected precursor materials and the MII:MIII ratio, were adapted from existing mechanochemical methods. LDH synthesis prior to ageing was successful with precursor materials observably present within each sample. No Cu-Al LDH was clearly identifiable. Ageing of samples resulted in an increase in the conversion of raw materials to LDH product. The research offers a promising ‘green’ method for LDH synthesis without the production of environmentally harmful salt effluent. The synthesis technique warrants further exploration with potential for future commercial up-scaling.

scholarly journals A Novel Robotic Arm Design for Small Scale Industries Using myRIO

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.6) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
M. Srilatha ◽  
R. Hemalatha
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Robotic Arm ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Complete Automation ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
Small Scale Industries

In small-scale industries, under extreme working conditions, personnel are frequently involved in lifting and carrying raw materials, which is hazardous at times. Robot, a machine with intelligence can perform the same task with the help of control instructions fed by computer or remote control. Technological development in the area of robotics made it possible to design robotic arm with the same degree of precision as a replacement to the human intervention. This will introduce automation in small-scale industries, which saves time, reduces human effort and expenditure in production. Further, this will be a starting point for complete automation of entire process, which can be expensive and complicated. NI LabVIEW along with NI-myRIO can provide a better solution in designing a more precise and accurate robot in a very low cost, which is affordable by small-scale industries. NI-myRIO is used to generate and acquire signals for controlling and processing. Further it has an inbuilt processor and FPGA which has many reconfigurable analogue and digital features.  

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