Stress-Strain Data for Vulcanized Rubber under Various Types of Deformation

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. G. Treloar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Large Deformations ◽  
Pure Shear ◽  
Molecular Network ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Good For

Abstract Stress-strain data are given for two types of vulcanized rubber: (1) an 8% S rubber, and (2) a latex rubber. The types of deformation studied were simple elongation, 2-dimensional extension (or compression), pure shear, and combined elongation and shear. Comparison with the theoretical relations based on the molecular-network model shows the agreement to be good for the 2-dimensional extension, but less good for simple elongation and shear. The effect of combined elongation and shear is satisfactorily accounted for. It is concluded that the theory provides a satisfactory explanation of rubberlike elasticity, and forms a useful basis for the description of the mechanical properties of rubber subjected to large deformations of any type.

Biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate as a polyol for elastomeric polyurethanes

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Vojtová ◽  
Vojtěch Kupka ◽  
Jan Žídek ◽  
Jaromír Wasserbauer ◽  
Petr Sedláček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Feed Stock ◽  
Measured Stress ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Polyether Polyol ◽  
Filled Composite

AbstractIn the proposed work, new elastomeric bio-polyol based polyurethanes (bio-PUs) with specific mechanical properties were prepared by a one-shot process without the presence of a solvent. Commercial non-degradable polyether polyol derived from petrochemical feed stock was partly (in the amount of 1 mass %, 5 mass %, and 10 mass %) substituted by the biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Morphology of elastomeric PU composites was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and mechanical properties of the prepared samples were obtained by both tensile measurements and prediction via the Mooney-Rivlin equation. Electron microscopy proved that the prepared materials have the character of a particle filled composite material, where PHB particles are regular with their size of about 1–2 μm in diameter. Tensile measurements demonstrated that the Young’s modulus, tensile stress at break, and tensile strain at break of each sample increase with the increase of the volume fraction of the filler. From the measured stress-strain data, the first and the second term of the Mooney-Rivlin equation were calculated. The obtained constants were applied to recalculate the stress-strain curves. It was found that the Mooney-Rivlin equation corresponds well with the stress-strain behavior of the prepared specimens.

Stress Softening in Rubber Vulcanizates. Part I. Use of a Strain Amplification Factor to Describe Elastic Behavior of Filler-Reinforced Vulcanized Rubber

1966 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mullins ◽  
N. R. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Volume Concentration ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Simple Extension ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Stress Strain Relation ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Volume Swelling

Abstract Measurements of Young's modulus of vulcanized rubbers containing thermal carbon black show the predicted dependence on the volume concentration given by relationships derived for a suspension of spherical particles, for example, that due to Guth, Simha, and Gold which gives E=E0 (1+2.5c+14.1c2). A simple interpretation of the results is that the strain in the rubber is increased by the presence of filler so that the ratio of the average strain to the measured overall strain is given by the factor X=1+2.5c+14.1c2. This factor was used to analyze simple extension stress-strain data obtained at larger extensions. For this purpose the Mooney—Rivlin relation was used to describe the behavior of the rubber phase. Values of C1 independent of the volume concentration and in close accord with measurements of the equilibrium volume swelling of the rubbers were obtained. Values of λ* were also consistent with those of #5#. Analysis of stress—strain data obtained on rubbers containing smaller particle-sized carbon blacks is more complex. For these materials the relation due to Guth, viz., E=E0 (1+2.5c+14.1c2), was chosen. By the choice of suitable values of f, good agreement with the Mooney—Rivlin stress—strain relation was achieved at volume concentrations less than about 0.15.

Experimental Characterization of Mechanical Behavior of Cord-Rubber Composites

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kumar ◽  
C. W. Bert
Keyword(s):  
Response Characteristic ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Data

Abstract Unidirectional cord-rubber specimens in the form of tensile coupons and sandwich beams were used. Using specimens with the cords oriented at 0°, 45°, and 90° to the loading direction and appropriate data reduction, we were able to obtain complete characterization for the in-plane stress-strain response of single-ply, unidirectional cord-rubber composites. All strains were measured by means of liquid mercury strain gages, for which the nonlinear strain response characteristic was obtained by calibration. Stress-strain data were obtained for the cases of both cord tension and cord compression. Materials investigated were aramid-rubber, polyester-rubber, and steel-rubber.

Mechanical Properties and Stress/Strain Characteristics of Critical Currents in Reinforced Bronze-processed Nb3Sn Wires

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumune KATAGIRI ◽  
Kazuo WATANABE ◽  
Koshichi NOTO ◽  
Koichi KASABA ◽  
Yoshitaka SHOJI
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Critical Currents ◽  
Stress Strain

scholarly journals Effect of Nanopores on Mechanical Properties of the Shape Memory Alloy

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Chunzhi Du ◽  
Zhifan Li ◽  
Bingfei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strength Limit

Nanoporous Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are widely used in aerospace, military industry, medical and health and other fields. More and more attention has been paid to its mechanical properties. In particular, when the size of the pores is reduced to the nanometer level, the effect of the surface effect of the nanoporous material on the mechanical properties of the SMA will increase sharply, and the residual strain of the SMA material will change with the nanoporosity. In this work, the expression of Young’s modulus of nanopore SMA considering surface effects is first derived, which is a function of nanoporosity and nanopore size. Based on the obtained Young’s modulus, a constitutive model of nanoporous SMA considering residual strain is established. Then, the stress–strain curve of dense SMA based on the new constitutive model is drawn by numerical method. The results are in good agreement with the simulation results in the published literature. Finally, the stress-strain curves of SMA with different nanoporosities are drawn, and it is concluded that the Young’s modulus and strength limit decrease with the increase of nanoporosity.

Stress Optical Behavior of Rubber Networks at Large Deformations

1966 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1436-1450
Author(s):  
K. J. Smith ◽  
D. Puett
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Statistical Theory ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Large Deformations ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Optical Behavior

Abstract The birefringence of natural rubber networks at large deformations has been investigated experimentally and compared with the simultaneously determined stress—strain behavior. Our data is analyzed using a statistical theory of flexibly jointed chains, derived herein, which is believed to be more significant for the particular range of deformation used than the theories of Treloar and of Kuhn and Grün. In addition, the experimental data of Saunders is commented on in light of our theoretical development. We find that for network extensions exceeding those of the Gaussian region there is little correlation between the observed and theoretical behavior of the stress and birefringence (based upon the theory of flexibly jointed chains) and this lack of agreement is attributed to the fact that the statistical parameters needed for the description of the optical chain properties differ in magnitude from those required for the mechanical properties. Furthermore, by considering the points of incipient crystallization the strain behavior of the stress-optical coefficient is highly indicative of nonGaussian behavior rather than crystallization, and therefore yields strong support for the position that nonGaussian behavior does exist in rubber networks.

A New Look at Measurements of Network Density

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Hysteresis Loop ◽  
Interaction Parameters ◽  
Network Density ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Solvent Method ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Polymer Solvent ◽  
New Look

Abstract A two-solvent method for determining the polymer-solvent interaction parameters independently of stress-strain data is described. The values obtained are much lower than those reported previously. Network densities calculated from swelling data and these interaction parameters are in good agreement with those calculated from the return portion of a hysteresis loop at high elongations.

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