The Interaction of Maleic Anhydride with Rubber

1939 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. R. Bacon ◽  
E. H. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Cyclic Systems ◽  
Conjugated Compounds ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract (1) Maleic anhydride is known to react (a) with conjugated compounds, e.g., butadiene, usually producing simple cyclic systems, and (b) with unsaturated olefinic substances like styrene and vinyl acetate, producing long-chain heteropolymers. It is now demonstrated that maleic anhydride, under the influence of a little benzoyl peroxide, will react in solution with rubber on heating, yielding a variety of tough, fibrous or resinous products. (2) It is shown that these derivatives are not produced by the action of maleic anhydride alone or of benzoyl peroxide alone, nor are they mixtures of rubber and maleic anhydride polymer. (3) As a result of the reaction, rubber has been found to undergo an increase in weight ranging from a few per cent up to about 120%, according to experimental conditions. The corresponding derivatives differ greatly from rubber in mechanical properties, and range from products which are tough, rubbery and non-tacky, to hard and brittle resins. (4) The effect of varying the quantity of benzoyl peroxide between 1% and 10%, and of using greater excess, is demonstrated. (5) The effect of varying the maleic anhydride/C5H8 ratio between 0.05 and 5 is demonstrated. (6) It is is shown that the nature of the solvent greatly influences the extent of reaction. The use of benzene, toluene, xylene, carbon terachloride, chloroform, decalin, and cyclohexane is discussed. (7) The influence of concentration and the occurrence of gelling have been investigated. (8) The derivatives are very different from rubber in their solubility characteristics.

Improving Mechanical Properties of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate-co-β-Hydroxyvalerate by Blending with Natural Rubber and Epoxidized Natural Rubber

2014 ◽  
Vol 983 ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maneewong Chutamas ◽  
Sunthornvarabhas Jackapon ◽  
Joong Kim Hyun ◽  
Sriroth Klanarong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Storage Modulus ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Mixed Coding ◽  
Elastic Polymer

Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) is a bacterial-synthesized biopolymer. Moreover, PHBV is a biodegradable, it is an interesting biopolymer for disposable products. PHBV is difficult to process due to its low toughness, an elastic polymer such as natural rubber is introduced to develop toughness. In this experiment, PHBV mechanical properties were improved by blending with natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). The NR/PHBV and ENR/PHBV blends with the same ratio of 10/90 (wt/wt) could be extruded, whereas other conditions could not. This ratio was then used throughout this study to examine effect of maleic anhydride (MA) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) to improve toughness of the blends. Result showed at composition where 1.0 % (wt/wt) MA and 0.05 % (wt/wt) BPO was mixed (coding EPMB2), several aspects of mechanical properties were improved. The blend, EPMB2 revealed the highest impact strength, significantly improved of elongation but drastically decreased of tensile strength. Storage modulus slightly decreased, tangent delta significantly increased when compared with neat PHBV.

A New Material: Anhydride Rubber. I

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Le Bras
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Solvent Concentration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
New Material

Abstract In earlier work on the action of various unsaturated compounds on rubber, Compagnon and the present author described briefly a new reaction of maleic anhydride. It should be added, as a matter of record, that the reaction of maleic anhydride and rubber had already been studied by Bacon and Farmer, who, in a very interesting work, described a process for obtaining addition products of rubber and maleic anhydride. It is well, therefore, first of all to describe the principle of their work and the results which were obtained. The first observation made by Bacon and Farmer was that when a toluene solution of milled crude rubber is heated for several hours at about 100° C with maleic anhydride in the presence of benzoyl peroxide, which acts as a catalyst, a definite reaction takes place. The reaction product can be precipitated by alcohol, and can then be recovered in the form of a white or pale yellow resin which does not have any of the elastic properties of rubber. In a more extensive investigation of the reaction, where the experimental conditions were varied, e.g., the proportions of benzoyl peroxide and of maleic anhydride, nature of the solvent, concentration of the solution, and time and temperature of heating, Bacon and Farmer succeeded in obtaining a true series of addition products, whose properties changed progressively with the proportion of chemically combined maleic anhydride. With increase in the proportion of maleic anhydride, there was a gradual transition from products which were still somewhat rubbery to fibrous products, and finally to hard brittle resins which contained more than one-third by weight of chemically combined maleic anhydride and which had none of the physical properties characteristic of rubber. As might be expected, the solubilities likewise changed progressively from products which were soluble in rubber solvents to those which were soluble in solvents for maleic anhydride; e.g., some of the derivatives were soluble in boiling ethyl alcohol.

Effect of poly(ethylene‐ co ‐vinyl acetate) additive on mechanical properties of maleic anhydride‐grafted acrylonitrile butadiene styrene for coating applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manaf Olongal ◽  
Mohamed Ansari Mohamed Nainar ◽  
Manoj Marakkattupurathe ◽  
Shadiya Muslim Veettil Asharaf ◽  
Sujith Athiyanathil
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Inhibition of Radical-Initiated Vinyl Acetate Polymerisation by Tobacco Smoke Fractions

1974 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Nisbet ◽  
S. Schmeller
Keyword(s):  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Measuring Time ◽  
Time Required

AbstractBoth the vapour and particulate phases of tobacco smoke have been shown to retard benzoyI-peroxide-initiated polymerisation of vinyl acetate by interception of the radicals involved in the polymerisation process. The extent of inhibition of polymerisation by test compounds is estimated by measuring time taken for a mixture of monomer and benzoyl peroxide, immersed in a water-bath at 70°C, to reach a spontaneous boil and comparing it with the time required for a similar mixture with added retarder to reach boiling point. Units are expressed as minutes of inhibition per part per million of inhibitor × 10

scholarly journals Improving Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Various Virgin and Recycled Polypropylenes by Blending with Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1137
Author(s):  
Sascha Stanic ◽  
Thomas Koch ◽  
Klaus Schmid ◽  
Simone Knaus ◽  
Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Melt Flow Rate ◽  
Single Screw Extruder ◽  
Pp Blends ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Long Chain

Blends of two long-chain branched polypropylenes (LCB-PP) and five linear polypropylenes (L-PP) were prepared in a single screw extruder at 240 °C. The two LCB-PPs were self-created via reactive extrusion at 180 °C by using dimyristyl peroxydicarbonate (PODIC C126) and dilauroyl peroxide (LP) as peroxides. For blending two virgin and three recycled PPs like coffee caps, yoghurt cups and buckets with different melt flow rate (MFR) values were used. The influence of using blends was assessed by investigating the rheological (dynamic and extensional rheology) and mechanical properties (tensile test and impact tensile test). The dynamic rheology indicated that the molecular weight as well as the molecular weight distribution could be increased or broadened. Also the melt strength behavior could be improved by using the two peroxide modified LCB-PP blends on the basis of PODIC C126 or PEROXAN LP (dilauroyl peroxide). In addition, the mechanical properties were consistently enhanced or at least kept constant compared to the original material. In particular, the impact tensile strength but also the elongation at break could be increased considerably. This study showed that the blending of LCB-PP can increase the investigated properties and represents a promising option, especially when using recycled PP, which demonstrates a real “up-cycling” process.

scholarly journals Formation conditions and mechanical properties of aggregates produced in tephra–water–snow flows

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Niiya ◽  
Kenichi Oda ◽  
Daisuke Tsuji ◽  
Hiroaki Katsuragi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Ice Slurry ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Snow And Ice

Abstract The formation of aggregates consisting of snow, water, and tephra has been reported in small-scale experiments on three-phase flows containing tephra, water, and snow, representing lahars triggered by snowmelt. Such aggregates reduce the mobility of mud flow. However, the formation mechanism of such aggregates under various conditions has not been investigated. To elucidate the formation conditions and mechanical properties of the aggregates, we performed mixing experiments with materials on a rotating table and compression tests on the resulting aggregates with a universal testing machine in a low-temperature room at $$0\,^{\circ }\text {C}$$ 0 ∘ C . From experiments with varying component ratios of the mixture and tephra diameter, the following results were obtained: (i) the aggregate grew rapidly and reached maturity after a mixing time of 5 min; (ii) the mass of aggregates increased with snow concentration, exhibiting an approximately linear relationship; (iii) single aggregates with large mass formed at lower and higher tephra concentrations, whereas multiple aggregates with smaller mass were observed at intermediate concentrations; (iv) the shape of the aggregate satisfied the similarity law for an ellipsoid; (v) the compressive mechanical behavior could be modeled by an empirical nonlinear model. The obtained mechanical properties of the aggregates were independent of the experimental conditions; (vi) scaling analysis based on the Reynolds number and the strength of the aggregates showed that the aggregates cannot form in ice-slurry lahars. Our findings suggest that low-speed lahars containing snow and ice are likely to generate aggregates, but snow and ice in the ice-slurry lahars are dispersed without such aggregates.

Mechanical properties and morphology of epoxy/poly(vinyl acetate)/poly(4-vinyl phenol) brominated system

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita G. Prolongo ◽  
C. Arribas ◽  
Catalina Salom ◽  
Rosa M. Masegosa
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Vinyl Phenol
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