Strain-Dependent Dynamic Properties of Carbon-Black Reinforced Vulcanizates. I. Individual Elastomers

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sircar ◽  
T. G. Lamond
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Storage Units ◽  
Strain Dependent ◽  
Transient Structure

Abstract The degree of carbon—black particle aggregation (transient structure) in conventional vulcanizates varies with the nature of the elastomers. This is revealed by the variation of (Gm′−G∞ƒ′), which is a measure of the transient structure. The relationship between Gm″ and (Gm′−G∞ƒ′) as well as that between strain work and normalized modulus show similarity to earlier work in which the polymer type was not varied. This suggests that carbon-black structural elements act as energy storage units and are of the same type in all these polymers. While the decrease of in-phase modulus is primarily caused by carbon-black particle units, tan δ reflects also the effect of the polymeric matrix.

INFLUENCE OF FILLERS ON SEMI-EFFICIENT VULCANIZED NATURAL RUBBER: DYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND HEAT BUILDUP

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Zhiyi Zhang ◽  
Guizhe Zhao ◽  
Yaqing Liu ◽  
Ye Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Heat Buildup

ABSTRACT Carbon black and silica have long been recognized as reinforcing fillers, but their effect on the dynamic properties and heat buildup of vulcanizates is rarely reported. Therefore, natural rubber composites filled by carbon black with different particle size and silica were prepared. The Payne effect and heat buildup progressively decrease with an increase of carbon black particle size because of weaker filler network structure and better dispersion, the N754 filled sample in particular shows the lowest value, only 4.7 °C. The tensile strength and tear strength of composites all increase with the reducing carbon black particle size. SiO2-filled composites exhibit obvious Payne effects and inferior mechanical properties; at high strains (>10%), tan δ of SiO2-filled composites surpasses all that of carbon black–filled composites, due to the surface silanol groups on the silica surface and due to the decreased cross-link density.

Research on Electrical Double Percolation of Carbon Black-Filled Cement-Based Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Hong Zhong Ru ◽  
Ran Ran Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cement Paste ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Carbon Black Content ◽  
Percolation Behavior ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Double Percolation

Electrical conductive carbon black-filled cement-based composites are significant as multifunctional structural materials. Double percolation in carbon black-filled cement-based composites involves both carbon black particle percolation and cement paste percolation, which has great effect on the resistivity of composites. Based on double percolation theory, the influences of sand-binder ratio and carbon black volume fraction on the resistivity of carbon black-filled cement-based composites are investigated. The results show that besides carbon black volume fraction, sand-binder ratio is a key factor affecting double percolation behavior in carbon black-filled cement-based composites. At a fixed carbon black content in overall mortar, with increasing sand-binder ratio, the cement paste percolation though aggregate phase increases due to high obstruction of aggregate but the carbon black particle percolation in cement paste decreases. This is because that the microstructure of aggregate is impenetrable so that the carbon black particles are limited in cement paste, that is, the carbon black content in paste is compacted and large amount of conductive paths are generated by lapped adjacent carbon black particles in paste. The double percolation in the electrical conduction in carbon black-filled cement-based composites is observed when the carbon black volume fraction is 7.5% and sand-binder ratio is 1.4, and its resistivity is only 3200 Ωcm, so that a sand-binder ratio of 1.4 and 7.5% carbon black volume fraction or more are recommended for attaining high conductivity with a compromise between workability and conductivity.

Immobilization of Elastomers at the Carbon Black Particle Surface

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 973-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sircar ◽  
A. Voet
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Boiling Points ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Black Particle

Abstract Determinations have been made of the amount of elastomer unextractable from unvulcanized masticated mixes with carbon black by a given solvent at boil, expressed as immobilized elastomer. Saturated and unsaturated elastomers varying in molecular weights from 2000 to 325,000, were used, while solvents of greatly differing boiling points and solvent power were employed. It could be shown that the bonding between elastomers and carbon black is not a simple adsorption, but involves a higher energy interaction, defined as chemisorption. At successively higher temperatures elastomer is increasingly removed from the carbon black surface. The temperature Tm, obtained by extrapolation of the linear relationship between amounts immobilized and temperature of extraction, represents the temperature theoretically required to eliminate all bonds between carbon black and elastomer and is therefore indicative of the bond strength. Data suggest the existence of a bonding energy spectrum. Upon graphitization, blacks show a considerable decline in high energy bonding ability for elastomers. Saturated elastomers show less bonding than unsaturated elastomers with the same furnace black. “Bound rubber” represents the sum total of physically adsorbed, mechanically entangled, and chemisorbed elastomer. The actual values are greatly dependent upon the procedure used. “Immobilized rubber”, indicating chemisorbed elastomer, is easily determined, is not influenced by the method, and is more significant as an indicator of reinforcement.

Effects of tension fatigue on the structure and properties of carbon black filled-SBR and SBR/TPI blends

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Liu Yang ◽  
Kaikai Liu ◽  
Zijun Gu ◽  
Aihua Du
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the impact of tension fatigue on the structure and properties of filled SBR and SBR/TPI blends. The effect of tension fatigue on the dynamic properties of carbon black-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and SBR/trans-1,4-polyisoprene (SBR/TPI) blend vulcanizates were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The Mooney-Rivlin analysis of tensile stress-strain data is used for the determination of a rubber network crosslink density. The fatigue fracture surface of SBR/TPI vulcanizates was observed with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity of TPI in carbon black-filled SBR/TPI (80/20) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the incorporation of TPI into SBR vulcanizates influences the fatigue properties of the blend vulcanizates. The blend vulcanizates showed optimum fatigue properties with 20 phr TPI. With increasing fatigue cycles, the tensile properties and crosslink density of SBR vulcanizates were decreased substantially. Compared with that of SBR vulcanizates, the tensile properties and crosslink density of SBR/TPI (80/20) blend vulcanizates changed little with the increase in fatigue cycles, and tan δ and E′ decreased gradually with the fatigue cycles. There was a sharp decrease in the E′ and tan δ curve in the temperature range of 40 ~ 60°C. The XRD diffraction peak corresponding to 3.9 Å broadened when the fatigue cycles were increased to 1 million times, and a new peak with inter-planar spacing at 7.6 and 4.7 Å appeared.

scholarly journals Studies of Texaco Carbon Black Particle Surface by Polarography

1963 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-214,A16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro TAKASHIMA ◽  
Genzo HASHIZUME ◽  
Itaru MOTOOKA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Black Particle

Study on the Effects of Different Types of Carbon Black on the Performance of SBR2564S

2014 ◽  
Vol 971-973 ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
Nai Xiu Ding ◽  
Yi Jia ◽  
Pei Yan Zuo ◽  
Li Li Wang ◽  
Hai Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Black Particle

The curing characteristics,crosslinking density,compressive permanent deformation,the conventional mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties of SBR2564S filled with different carbon black were studied.The results indicated that with the increase in specific surface area of carbon black particles，Mooney viscosity of the resulting mixture increased while the scorch time decreased.As the carbon black particle size increases, tensile strength and tear strength of SBR2564S were reduced,rebound and compressive set were increased.The kinds of carbon black had little effect on the crosslinking density of vulcanized rubber of SBR2564S.It had poor performance on dynamic mechanical properties of the resulting mixture filled with small carbon black particle size.SBR2564S vulcanizates with good comprehensive properties was obtained when N330 was used.

Effect of Carbon Black on Hysteresis of Rubber Vulcanizates: Equivalence of Surface Area and Loading

1976 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1076-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Caruthers ◽  
R. E. Cohen ◽  
A. I. Medalia
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Tan Δ

Abstract We have developed an empirical correlation between the loss tangent (tan δ) and the product of the volume fraction (ϕ) of carbon black in the composite and the total filler-polymer interfacial area per unit volume of composite (ψ). This correlation was applied to vulcanizates based on SBR-1500, SBR-1712, and NR with various compounding procedures and under different deformation conditions, including forced vibration nonresonant dynamic test machines, and the Goodyear-Healey pendulum rebound. The functional form of the correlation was qualitatively similar in all instances ; however, quantitative aspects of the correlation are dependent upon the particular experimental conditions. Tan δ is a weak function of the deformation amplitude over the region of practical interest. This is in contrast to hysteretic energy loss, which is proportional to the square of the amplitude. The validity of the correlation over wide ranges of amplitude, temperature, and frequency indicates that the viscoelastic relaxation or loss processes are similar over the range of conditions studied. Since the combined parameter, ϕψ, is proportional to ϕ2 multiplied by the specific surface area of the carbon black, this relation implies an equivalence between surface area and loading, with regard to tan 5. It has previously been shown that the elastic modulus depends on structure and loading. Thus, the dynamic properties, including hysteresis under various conditions, can be predicted from the carbon black properties, and compounds can be designed for desired dynamic properties by independent adjustment of loading, structure and surface area.

The Effect of Carbon Black Parameters on the Fatigue Life of Filled Rubber Compounds

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Dizon ◽  
A. E. Hicks ◽  
V. E. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
As Stress

Abstract Fatigue is defined as decay caused by cyclic deformations at an amplitude less than necessary for fracture in one cycle. Such failures are initiated by flaws which act as stress concentrators. These flaws occur in the material either through mechanical or chemical action during service or through agglomeration of certain ingredients during mixing and fabrication. This paper deals with the latter process, where the nature and size of the flaws as well as the properties of the matrix are contingent on carbon black variables. Using the tearing energy concept of fatigue developed by Lake and Lindley, it was shown that the size of the flaw is primarily determined by carbon black particle size. On the other hand, the cut growth constant depends on carbon black structure. When translated to actual fatigue life using the Monsanto Fatigue-to-Failure Tester, these relationships mean that under constant strain conditions, compounds containing coarse carbons will have a significantly higher fatigue life than those with fine carbons. Under conditions of constant strain, higher structure carbons will impart a slight positive effect. However, under conditions of constant stress, the beneficial effects of structure become magnified. Other factors known to affect fatigue life were also considered. These are : set, stress relaxation, hysteretic energy dissipation, and flaw size distribution.

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