Solution Masterbatching Studies

1966 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Scott ◽  
F. J. Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Polymer Adhesion ◽  
Electron Microscope Analysis ◽  
Carbon Gel ◽  
Conventional Manner ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Hydrosolution masterbatching (HSMB) imparts excellent dispersion and improved pigment-to-polymer adhesion to carbon and oil masterbatches of poly-butadiene, SBR and blends of these rubbers. Tire tests show HSMB stocks to resist wear slightly better than like stocks mixed in a conventional manner. The HSMB process can be used to produce fully compounded vulcanizable tread stocks in which the stock is discharged continuously from a drying extruder. The dispersion and adhesion advantages of HSMB stocks are also noted in complete masterbatches. HSMB oil, black, and polymer masterbatches usually have higher viscosity, tensile strength, hardness, and dynamic modulus but lower resilience and reduced scorch safety, in comparison with conventionally mixed stock. Carbon black dispersion as revealed by light and electron microscope analysis is excellent. Experiments characterizing carbon gel and development of carbon black dispersion on HSMB stocks (vacuum dried), indicate the total effective molecular contact between elastomer and pigment to be increased, so that, in effect, surface area is increased.

scholarly journals THE USE OF MODIFIED SUGARCANE BAGASSE IN NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDING

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Akinlabi ◽  
R.N. Laleye ◽  
S. B. Akinfenwa ◽  
A.M Mosaku ◽  
A. A. Falomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Total Solid Content ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
Better Than

Natural rubber (NR) is a renewable agricultural resource which has gained fast technological innovation due to some inherent properties and its renewability. Compounding of natural rubber with modified and unmodified nano-sized agricultural waste is of interest because it is economical, environmentally friendly, cheap and readily available, hence, the trial of sugarcane bagasse as an additive in Natural Rubber compounding. The sugarcane bagasse was sourced locally, milled to fine powder and sieved to <100µm in size. Characterization of Natural rubber latex viz-a-viz: Dry rubber content (DRC), Total solid content (TSC), Ash content, Moisture content were carried out. The Sugarcane bagasse was modified via Hydroxylation using 10% Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The modified sugarcane baggase (MSB) and unmodified sugarcane baggase (USB) were characterized viz-a-viz: their pH, moisture content, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and micro-pixe analysis. The extent of modification was determined via titration. The NR was thereafter compounded with USB, MSB, CB, admix of MSB with CB and admix of USB with CB to give five vulcanizates, labeled A – E ( A- 40 parts CB, B- 40 parts USB, C- 40 parts MSB, D- 20 CB : 20 USB while E was 20 CB : 20 MSB). The vulcanizates were then subjected to physico-mechanical tests viz-a-viz: Tensile strength, Modulus Elasticity, Hardness, Elongation @ break and Yield elongation. The result revealed that mix A (control) with 40 CB has the highest Tensile strength compared to the other mixes, which was followed by mixes E >D >C while B gave the least tensile strength, showing that carbon black acted better than modified sugarcane bagasse and better than unmodified sugarcane bagasse. Compatibility of the unmodified and hydroxylated sugarcane bagasse with natural rubber and carbon black was also established. The extent of the solubility of the mixes in ethanol, kerosene and petrol were investigated to determine the extent of crosslinking and mix A was very resistant to all the solvents followed by mixes C then E then D while mix B dissolves readily.

Measurement of Carbon Black Dispersion in Rubber by Surface Analysis

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Vegvari ◽  
W. M. Hess ◽  
V. E. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Dispersion Index ◽  
Programmable Calculator ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heat Buildup ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract A stylus-type surface roughness tester has been applied to the study of carbon black dispersion in a number of different rubber systems. The method is based on a freshly cut rubber surface which is tracked by the stylus to provide a roughness trace on a strip chart. Carbon black agglomerates deflect the cut path because of their higher hardness relative to the surrounding matrix. Thus, surface roughness diminishes at increasing levels of dispersion. A quantitative index of dispersion quality may be derived from the frequency and average height of the roughness peaks. The method offers a distinct advantage over previous methods in its ability to provide precise dispersion ratings over a very wide range of rubber processing levels from the masterbatch to the final product. The technique is applicable to the analysis of unvulcanized rubber compounds and could be utilized as a factory quality control procedure. Direct interfacing of the surface analyzer to a programmable calculator would provide quantitative dispersion ratings within five minutes of the receipt of a sample. Studies of varied carbon black dispersions in SBR and SBR/BR passenger tread formulations have confirmed the work of previous authors. Tensile strength, fatigue life, resilience, elongation, and extrusion shrinkage increased at higher dispersion levels, while Mooney viscosity, Shore hardness and heat buildup exhibited a progressive decrease. The properties of a 50/50 NR/BR truck tread formulation showed a more varied response to black dispersion. Tensile strength and resilience showed considerably less dispersion dependence than SBR and SBR/BR. However, the tensile response increases with increasing black fineness and decreasing structure, while resilience showed the opposite trend. Fatigue life and heat buildup showed the same trends observed for SBR and SBR/BR. However, NR/BR treadwear (radial tires) showed considerably less dependence on dispersion above the 70% level, in comparison to those other polymers (bias ply tires). NR/BR with N220 at a dispersion index of 68 gave treadwear resistance that was equivalent to the same compound at a dispersion index of 89. However, dispersion indices of 50 or lower caused severely depressed treadwear resistance for the different blacks that were tested. The milling of NR/BR masterbatches cooled overnight produced significantly higher dispersion levels in comparison to hot batches at the same total mixing energy. This procedure can be employed to optimize treadwear and other properties at lower levels of energy consumption.

Autoradiographic Technique with Carbon14 in Rubber

1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302
Author(s):  
A. D. Kirshenbaum ◽  
C. W. Hoffman ◽  
A. V. Grosse
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Strength Data ◽  
Autoradiographic Technique ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract The autoradiograph technique making use of carbon14 is useful in studying the carbon black distribution in rubber. It is superior to the photomicrographic technique in studying carbon black dispersion in rubber. Autoradiographs of different carbon black-rubber mixes (tensile strengths varying from 300 to 3300 pounds per square inch) showed visible variations in the carbon black distribution which closely agree with the tensile strength data, whereas photomicrographs of the same mixes showed no differences among the various mixes. The autoradiographic technique is also useful in tracking down carbon black agglomeration in rubber.

Tire Treadwear — A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Factors: Generic Type, Aspect Ratio, Tread Pattern, and Tread Composition Part III: Results of Supplementary and UTQG Treadwear Test Series

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-263
Author(s):  
A. G. Veith
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Generic Type ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Index Variation ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Severity Levels ◽  
High Test ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The effect of tread compound variation on tire treadwear was studied using bias and radial tires of two aspect ratios. Compound variations included types of rubber and carbon black as well as the levels of carbon black, process oil, and curatives. At low to moderate test severity, SBR and an SBR/BR blend performed better than NR while at high test severity NR and SBR were better than the SBR/BR blend. The SBR/BR blend was the best at low severity testing. Higher structure and higher surface area carbon black gave improved treadwear at all severity levels. The concept of a “frictional work intensity” as the primary determinant of treadwear index variation with test severity is proposed. Some factors which influence frictional work intensity are discussed.

Effect of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Starch Properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 701-704
Author(s):  
Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Compound Structure ◽  
Starch Properties ◽  
Better Than

In this article, corn starch was modified by α-amylase with different hydrolytic time (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) and the effects of modification technology on its properties of viscosity, compound structure and mechanical were studied. The result showed that structure of modified starch was conserved with hydrolytic time increased, whereas tensile strength were increased and viscosity was decreased. The performance of modified starch that hydrolyzed by 30 min was better than others and pinholes were generated in the surface of starch granules

Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Structural Adhesives

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 814-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Deng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Butt Joint ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Joint Specimen ◽  
Lap Shear ◽  
Better Than

One of the greatest drawbacks to predicting the behaviour of bonded joints has been the lack of reliable data on the mechanical properties of adhesives. In this study, methods for determining mechanical properties of structural adhesive were discussed. The Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and tensile strength of the adhesive were tested by dogbone specimens (bulk form) and butt joint specimens (in situ form). The shear modulus and shear strength were test by V-notched specimens (bulk form) and thick adherend lap-shear (TALS) joint specimens (in situ form). The test results show that the elastic modulus provided by the manufacturer is too low, the dogbone specimen is better than the butt joint specimen to test the tensile strength and elastic modulus and the TALS joint specimen is better than the V-notched specimen to test the shear strength.

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