A Study of the Rubber-Metal Bond

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 956-967
Author(s):  
S. Buchan ◽  
J. R. Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Bonding Agents ◽  
Metal Bond ◽  
Permanent Set ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract Although the practice of bonding rubber to metal has been in use for many years, no theories appear to have been advanced which explain adequately the mechanism of bonding. It has been stated that the brass bond between rubber and metal functions through chemical linkages, but this can only be regarded as tentative and has yet to be proved. No attempt has been made to find out how ebonite functions as a bonding medium or the more recently discovered derivatives of rubber, such as sulfonated rubber, chlorinated rubber, and rubber hydrohalides. Until it is properly elucidated just how bonding agents do act, further logical development of improved bonding media cannot be pursued. It is intended in this paper to show how the rubber-metal bond behaves at subnormal temperatures and how a low temperature technique may be used for studying the mechanism of bonding. The effect of low temperatures on the tensile strength and associated properties of vulcanized rubber, such as hardness, permanent set, flexibility, resilience and flexing, has been dealt with fairly comprehensively in the literature. Progressive reduction in temperature leads to only a moderate increase, for example, in tensile strength, until the point is reached at which the rubber stiffens and freezes, when a marked increase occurs. Examination of a brass-bonded unit at low temperatures revealed that the graph obtained for bond strength was very similar in slope and character to that for tensile strength. The similarity is illustrated by the data in Table 1 and in Figure 1.

Hardness of Vulcanized Rubber at Low Temperatures

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nagai
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
New Apparatus

Abstract 1. By means of a new apparatus which is described, it is possible to estimate the hardness of vulcanized rubber at low temperatures. 2. The hardness of rubber-sulfur vulcanizates increases hyperbolically with lowering of temperature and they become “frozen” and hard at −50° C. 3. Since ordinary softening agents having high viscosities solidify at −30° to −40° C., these are unsuitable for softening rubber to be exposed to temperatures below this range. 4. Softening agents which do not solidify at −50° C. are among those ordinarily used as solvents, and they have very low viscosities. Though their effect on the hardness of rubber at −50° C. is small when they are used in small percentages, they prevent the freezing of rubber at −50° C. when large proportions are used. They are, however, of no practical value, since they decrease the tensile strength of rubber. 5. Vulcanized rubber containing 30 per cent of reclaimed rubber also froze to a hard product at −50° C. 6. The relation between temperature and hardness of rubber vulcanized with organic accelerators is the same as that in the case of rubber vulcanized with sulfur alone.

GERMINATION RESPONSE OF DORMOAT SEEDS TO LOW TEMPERATURE AND GIBBERELLIN

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
V. D. BURROWS
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Secondary Dormancy ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Different Levels

Dormoats are derivatives of crosses between Avena sativa L. and A. fatua L., designed to be sown in the fall to germinate the following spring. Strains vary in levels of seed dormancy at harvest and in their rates of after-ripening in dry storage. Germination of the seeds is stimulated by gibberellic acid. Embryos isolated from dormant seeds exhibit no dormancy but their germination is prevented by abscisic acid. Low temperatures (ca. 7 C) stimulate germination to different levels in various strains. Seeds enter a secondary dormancy when they fail to germinate in the imbibed state due to primary domancy. Seeds with secondary dormancy are not stimulated to germinate by low temperatures until partial after-ripening of the seeds in the dry state has occurred, but germination is stimulated by gibberellic acid without after-ripening. Secondary dormancy is proposed as a factor in the maintenance of undergerminated seed in the soil from fall planting into winter.

scholarly journals Low-Temperature Mechano-Chemical Rubber Reclamation Using Terpinene as a Swelling Agent to Enhance Bond-Breaking Selectivity

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4272
Author(s):  
Lei Guo ◽  
Donghui Ren ◽  
Wenchao Wang ◽  
Kuanfa Hao ◽  
Xiurui Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Bond Breaking ◽  
Rubber Sample ◽  
Swelling Agent ◽  
Waste Rubber

Common swelling agents used in the mechano-chemical rubber devulcanization process usually require high temperatures to achieve satisfactory swelling effects, which results in severe production of pollutants and reduces the selectivity of bond scissions. This work presents an environmentally friendly swelling agent, terpinene, which can swell the rubber crosslink structures at low temperatures. Both a rubber swelling experiment and a rubber reclaiming experiment with a mechano-chemical devulcanization method are conducted to explore the swelling effects of terpinene. After soaking in terpinene at 60 °C for 90 min, the length elongation of the rubber sample reaches 1.55, which is much higher than that in naphthenic oil and is comparable to that in toluene. When adding 3 phr of terpinene for every 100 phr of waste rubber during the reclaiming process, the bond scissions exhibit high selectivity. After revulcanization, the reclaimed rubbers have a tensile strength of 17 MPa and a breaking elongation of 400%. Consequently, the application of terpinene as the swelling agent in the LTMD method can greatly improve the properties of reclaimed rubbers, thereby enhancing the dual value for the economy and environment.

The graft polymerization of vinyl benzoate and trans-stilbene onto polyurethane to control its mechanical and shape memory properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Yong-Chan Chung ◽  
Jin Cheol Bae ◽  
Byoung Chul Chun
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Shape Recovery ◽  
Graft Polymerization ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Trans Stilbene ◽  
Shape Retention ◽  
Low Temperature Flexibility

Vinyl benzoate (VB series) and trans-stilbene (SB series) were added onto polyurethane (PU) via graft polymerization, and the spectroscopic, thermal, tensile, shape memory, and low-temperature flexibility properties of the resulting polymers were compared with those of unmodified PU. The melting temperature ( Tm) and glass transition temperature ( Tg) of the soft segments are not significantly different for the VB and SB series compared with unmodified PU. The tensile strengths of the VB and SB series sharply increase with increasing vinyl polymer content, whereas the control series does not exhibit an increase in tensile strength. The VB series exhibits excellent shape recovery at 10℃ compared with unmodified PU, and the shape recovery of the SB series remains above 90% at 45℃. The shape retention values of the VB (−45℃) and SB series (–25℃) are not less than 90%. The selected PUs demonstrate better flexibilities at extremely low temperatures compared with unmodified PU. Therefore, the graft polymerization of vinyl benzoate or trans-stilbene onto PU improves the tensile strength, shape recovery at low temperatures, and low-temperature flexibility of the polymer without decreasing the tensile strain or shape retention.

scholarly journals The Tensile Strength of Rubber and Rubber Molecule

1950 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-586
Author(s):  
Chullchai Park ◽  
Usaburo Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chain Molecule ◽  
Chain Molecules ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
A Chain

Abstract The tensile strengths of crystallized crude rubber and vulcanized rubber are remarkably different from each other at room temperature, but are found to be almost the same at the temperature of liquid air. By assuming that the tensile strength of crystallized rubber at this low temperature is entirely due to its chain molecules, the forced needed to break a chain molecule of rubber at its weakest point is estimated.

In situ Tensile Experiments at Low Temperatures on Niobium Single Crystals by H.V.E.M.

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
F. H. Louchet ◽  
L. P. Kubin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Slip System ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Tensile Axis ◽  
Image Intensifier ◽  
Screw Dislocations ◽  
Source Operation

Experiments have been carried out on the 3 MeV electron microscope in Toulouse. The low temperature straining holder has been previously described Images given by an image intensifier are recorded on magnetic tape.The microtensile niobium samples are cut in a plane with the two operative slip directions [111] and lying in the foil plane. The tensile axis is near [011].Our results concern:- The transition temperature of niobium near 220 K: at this temperature and below an increasing difference appears between the mobilities of the screw and edge portions of dislocations loops. Source operation and interactions between screw dislocations of different slip system have been recorded.

INVAR M93

Alloy Digest ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Ni Content ◽  
Precision Alloys ◽  
Ni Alloy

Abstract Invar is an Fe-Ni alloy with 36% Ni content that exhibits the lowest expansion of known metals from very low temperatures up to approximately 230 deg C (445 deg F). Invar M93 is a cryogenic Invar with improved weldability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear and bend strength as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on low temperature performance as well as forming and joining. Filing Code: FE-143. Producer or source: Metalimphy Precision Alloys.

CRUCIBLE D6

Alloy Digest ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Strength Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Steel Company ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Ultra High Strength Steel ◽  
Crucible Steel

Abstract Crucible D6 is a low alloy ultra-high strength steel developed for aircraft-missile applications and primarily designed for use in the 260,000-290,000 psi tensile strength range. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness, creep, and fatigue. It also includes information on low temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SA-129. Producer or source: Crucible Steel Company of America.

FEC-LiTFSI-Pyr1ATFSI Ionic Liquid Electrolyte to Improve Low Temperature Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries

2014 ◽  
Vol 986-987 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Xiao Xue Zhang ◽  
Zhen Feng Wang ◽  
Cui Hua Li ◽  
Jian Hong Liu ◽  
Qian Ling Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Capacity Retention ◽  
Composite Electrolyte ◽  
Ionic Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Fluoroethylene Carbonate

N-methyl-N-allylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (PYR1ATFSI) with substantial supercooling behavior is synthesized to develop low temperature electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. Additive fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in LiTFSI/PYR1ATFSI/EC/PC/EMC is found that it can reduce the freezing point. LiFePO4/Li coin cells with the FEC-PYR1ATFSI electrolyte exhibit good capacity retention, reversible cycling behavior at low temperatures. The good performance can be attributed to the decrease in the freezing point and the polarization of the composite electrolyte.

Anthracene fluorescence at low temperatures. I. Purified single crystals

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
LE Lyons ◽  
LJ Warren
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrum ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Free Exciton ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Exciton Emission ◽  
Polarized Emission ◽  
Impurity Bands ◽  
Phonon Structure

The low-temperature fluorescence spectrum of purified vapour-grown anthracene single crystals is presented and the free-exciton emission distinguished from a number of defect or impurity bands present even in the purest crystals. In assigning the observed bands the symmetry of the active vibrations and the origin of background fluorescence and deformation bands are discussed. The phonon structure in the region of the fluorescence origin was found to be almost completely b-polarized. Emission of electronic origin (25103 cm-1) was too weak to be observed. Polarization ratios of the principal vibronio bands at 5.6 K are given.

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