The Separation and Characterization of Graft Copolymers from Natural Rubber

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Merret

Abstract The solubility of graft copolymers prepared from rubber and vinyl monomers follows a general pattern whereby one of the constituents can be insolubilized while the other remains soluble, the compound forming a stable sol which is largely unaffected by heat or ionic materials at suitable ratios of solvent to precipitant. The onset and flocculation of the sol are such that the graft copolymer can be completely separated from either free constituent homopolymer. This insolubilization of the rubber trunk chain by addition of methanol to a benzene solution of the coploymer has been followed by the changes in the intrinsic viscosity and turbidity, which show that the collapse of the rubber chain continues to a point beyond where the molecularly equivalent free rubber would be precipitated. This period also marks the major increase in turbidity. Osmotic data show that μ-values for the grafted copolymers of rubber are the same as for rubber itself, thus supporting similar assumptions made in the application of the theory of the equilibirium swelling of crosslinked rubber.

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 985-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. I. Boldyreva ◽  
B. A. Dolgoplosk ◽  
E. N. Kropacjeva ◽  
K. V. Nel'son

Abstract We have established earlier that organo-aluminum compounds, and titanium tetrachloride, bring about the isomerization of the cis-isoprene units in natural rubber into the trans. The isomerization process, as influenced by the above materials, proceeds at appreciable velocity even at room temperature. The present communication reports the results of investigating the cis-trans isomerism of natural rubber as influenced by hydrogen chloride and ethylaluminum dichloride. The isomerizing action of hydrogen chloride upon unsaturated acids and stilbene was dislosed earlier in a series of papers. We investigated the action of dry hydrogen chloride and ethylaluminum dichloride on benzene solutions of natural rubber under the conditions described earlier. Hydrogen chloride was introduced in the form of a saturated benzene solution. In investigating the hydrogen chloride activity, each polymer sample was examined for unsaturation, chlorine content of the polymer chains and microstructure. The latter was characterized with the aid of infrared absorption spectra. As in the previous report, quantitative determination of the cis and trans content was made in the 840 cm−1 region, where the intensity and contour are substantially dissimilar for natural rubber and guttapercha. Furthermore, an additional inspection was made qualitatively in other regions of the IR spectrum (1100–1150 cm−1 and 1300–1330 cm−1), the feasibility of utilizing the 1300–1330 cm−1 region having been reported in a recent publication by Golub, who investigated the isomerization of natural rubber and guttapercha under the influence of selenium at temperatures of 180–220°.


2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Mehrez Gammoudi ◽  
Saïda Tekaya

The aim of this work is to provide some important morphological, ecological and reproductive features of 8 polyclad species from Tunisian waters belonging to Acotylea: Echinoplana celerrima Haswell, 1907, Leptoplana mediterranea (Bock, 1913), Discocelis tigrina (Blanchard, 1847) and Imogine mediterranea (Galleni, 1976) and Cotylea: Thysanozoon brocchii (Risso, 1818), Prosthiostomum siphunculus (Delle Chiaje, 1822), Yungia aurantiaca (Delle Chiaje, 1822) and Prostheceraeus moseleyi (Lang, 1884). New data on distribution of some species are added. Moreover, morphological data are provided for the first time in living specimens of D. tigrina. Based on our specimens, we confirm characterization of the two sub-orders Acotylea and Cotylea that have been already made in previous studies. Function of attachment organs in polyclads is discussed. On the other hand, data dealing with associated fauna are offered for all species. The two acotyleans E. celerrima and I. mediterranea were seen to cover their egg plates practicing thereby a parental care. This work could be a baseline for future taxonomic and behavioural investigations.


1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Allen ◽  
C. L. M. Bell ◽  
E. G. Cockbain

Abstract In recent years numerous workers have reported on the polymerization of vinyl monomers, in the presence of polymers, in which graft copolymers and/or homopolymers are formed. Kinetic studies of such reactions have been relatively few, however, particularly for systems involving polymer latexes rather than solutions. In the present paper a kinetic study of the polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate, and homologous methacrylic esters in natural rubber latex is reported, and certain abnormal features of the polymerizations are discussed.


2005 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  

My three-year term as editor of Journal of Marketing concludes with the October 2005 issue. On the basis of my interactions with various people in the marketing community, I believe that marketing science and practice are in transition, bringing change to the content and boundaries of the discipline. Thus, I invited some distinguished scholars to contribute short essays on the current challenges, opportunities, and imperatives for improving marketing thought and practice. Each author chose his or her topic and themes. However, in a collegial process, the authors read and commented on one another's essays, after which each author had an opportunity to revise his or her essay. The result is a thoughtful and constructive set of essays that are related to one another in interesting ways and that should be read together. I have grouped the essays as follows: •What is the domain of marketing? This question is addressed in four essays by Stephen W. Brown, Frederick E. Webster Jr., Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp, and William L. Wilkie. •How has the marketing landscape (i.e., content) changed? This question is addressed in two essays, one coauthored by Jagdish N. Sheth and Rajendra S. Sisodia and the other by Roger A. Kerin. •How should marketing academics engage in research, teaching, and professional activities? This question is addressed in five essays by Debbie MacInnis; Leigh McAlister; Jagmohan S. Raju; Ronald J. Bauerly, Don T. Johnson, and Mandeep Singh; and Richard Staelin. Another interesting way to think about the essays, as Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp suggests, is to group the essays according to whether they address issues of content, publishing, or impact (see Table 1 ). These 11 essays strike a common theme: They urge marketers—both scientists and practitioners—to expand their horizontal vision. What do I mean by horizontal vision? In The Great Influenza, Barry (2004) describes the enormous strides that were made in medical science early in the twentieth century. His depiction of William Welch, an extremely influential scientist who did not (as a laboratory researcher) generate important findings, includes a characterization of the “genius” that produces major scientific achievements. The research he did was first-rate. But it was only first-rate—thorough, rounded, and even irrefutable, but not deep enough or provocative enough or profound enough to set himself or others down new paths, to show the world in a new way, to make sense out of great mysteries…. To do this requires a certain kind of genius, one that probes vertically and sees horizontally. Horizontal vision allows someone to assimilate and weave together seemingly unconnected bits of information. It allows an investigator to see what others do not see and to make leaps of connectivity and creativity. Probing vertically, going deeper and deeper into something, creates new information. (p. 60) At my request, each author has provided thoughtful and concrete suggestions for how marketing academics and practitioners, both individually and collectively (through our institutions), can work to improve our field. Many of their suggestions urge people and institutions to expand their horizontal vision and make connections, thereby fulfilling their potential to advance the science and practice of marketing. In his essay, Richard Staelin writes (p. 22), “I believe that it is possible to influence directly the generation and adoption of new ideas.” I agree. I ask the reader to think about the ideas in these essays and to act on them. Through our actions, we shape our future. —Ruth N. Bolton


Author(s):  
J. I. Bennetch

In a recent study of the superplastic forming (SPF) behavior of certain Al-Li-X alloys, the relative misorientation between adjacent (sub)grains proved to be an important parameter. It is well established that the most accurate way to determine misorientation across boundaries is by Kikuchi line analysis. However, the SPF study required the characterization of a large number of (sub)grains in each sample to be statistically meaningful, a very time-consuming task even for comparatively rapid Kikuchi analytical techniques.In order to circumvent this problem, an alternate, even more rapid in-situ Kikuchi technique was devised, eliminating the need for the developing of negatives and any subsequent measurements on photographic plates. All that is required is a double tilt low backlash goniometer capable of tilting ± 45° in one axis and ± 30° in the other axis. The procedure is as follows. While viewing the microscope screen, one merely tilts the specimen until a standard recognizable reference Kikuchi pattern is centered, making sure, at the same time, that the focused electron beam remains on the (sub)grain in question.


1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (03) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Huber ◽  
Johannes Kirchheimer ◽  
Bernd R Binder

SummaryUrokinase (UK) could be purified to apparent homogeneity starting from crude urine by sequential adsorption and elution of the enzyme to gelatine-Sepharose and agmatine-Sepharose followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The purified product exhibited characteristics of the high molecular weight urokinase (HMW-UK) but did contain two distinct entities, one of which exhibited a two chain structure as reported for the HMW-UK while the other one exhibited an apparent single chain structure. The purification described is rapid and simple and results in an enzyme with probably no major alterations. Yields are high enough to obtain purified enzymes for characterization of UK from individual donors.


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