The Wear of Passenger Car Tires

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. O. W. Geesink ◽  
P. Prat
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Accelerated Tests ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Effective Selection ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Abstract One can thus say that in the course of tire tests, all of the experimental conditions, whether they affect more particularly the wear by test period or by wheel position, influence the wear results. Notwithstanding the complexity of these influences and of their interactions it has been possible to verify that a relation existed between the tests on special cars and those made on private cars commonly used by everyday users, and to establish a correlation between the normal road tests and accelerated tests on the track. These studies have shown the importance of the severity of the tests for the estimation of the relative value of the mixtures and it has been possible to evaluate the influence of a certain number of factors on this severity which is, in reality, the resultant of the effects of all the experimental conditions on the wear of pneumatic tires. The variations in relative wear of the mixtures as a function of the severity have led to the thought that a correlation might exist between the practical tests on the road or on the track and the experiments made in the laboratory with the aid of abrasion machines. The existence of such a correlation is very important for it will permit an effective selection of the mixtures, destined for the manufacture of treads, in the research investigations. However, one must still look for a suitable adjustment of laboratory tests in order to obtain an estimation which is directly transposable to the complex domain of the pneumatic tire. This simplification, however, will not bring about the disappearance of road tests for it will, after all, be necessary to make a few practical verifications, be it only for studying the road behavior of the experimental mixtures or their resistance to cracking. This study has been made within the framework of the research programs of the Rubber-Stichting and of the French Rubber Institute, the study being in turn a part of the entirety of the investigations pursued under the protection of the International Rubber Research Board.

Social Progress in Britain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Heath ◽  
Elizabeth Garratt ◽  
Ridhi Kashyap ◽  
Yaojun Li ◽  
Lindsay Richards
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
The Road ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Free Market Reforms ◽  
Made In

Social Progress in Britain examines how much progress has made in the years since Sir William Beveridge described the ‘five giants on the road to reconstruction’—the giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. The book has chapters examining the progress which Britain has made in improving material prosperity and tackling poverty; in extending length of life and tackling disease; in raising participation in education and improving educational standards; in tackling the scourge of unemployment, especially youth unemployment; and in providing better-quality housing and tackling overcrowding. In addition to Beveridge’s five giants, the book also explores inequalities of opportunity (focussing on inequalities between social classes, men and women, and ethnic groups), and the changing nature of social divisions and social cohesion in Britain. Throughout, the chapters put British progress into perspective by drawing comparisons with progress made in other large developed democracies such as Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the USA. As well as looking at the average level of prosperity, life expectancy, education, and housing, the book examines the extent of inequality around the average and pays particular attention to whether the most disadvantaged sections of society have shared in progress or have fallen behind. It concludes with an assessment of the effect of policy interventions such as Margaret Thatcher’s free market reforms of the 1980s on different aspects of social progress.

scholarly journals Świat jako tranzyt. Poetyka przestrzeni w poezji Gizelli Lachman

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
Jolanta Brzykcy
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Model ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
The Road ◽  
The World ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Selection Of

The article is an analysis of the poetry of Gisella Lachman (1895–1969), poet of the “first wave” of Russian emigration, from the perspective of the poetics of space. The poet expressed her emigration experience (multiple changes of residence: Russia, Germany, Switzerland, USA) in her poems in spatial relations. They appear on different levels of the works’ morphology: in the construction of the lyrical “I”, in the organisation of the presented world, in the repertoire of motifs and the selection of poetic lexis and genre forms. Space plays a literal role in Lachman’s poetry; it is a representation of extra-literary reality, seen subjectively. It is also subject to metaphorisation, becoming a tool for expressing philosophical content. The poet creates not only a spatial model of the world, but also a spatial model of human life, which she perceives as a transit on the road to eternity.

Recent Advances in Ordinal Analysis: Π12 — CA and Related Systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
Proof Theory ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Ordinal Analysis ◽  
The Road ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Theoretic Proof ◽  
Independence Results ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Order Arithmetic ◽  
Made In

§1. Introduction. The purpose of this paper is, in general, to report the state of the art of ordinal analysis and, in particular, the recent success in obtaining an ordinal analysis for the system of -analysis, which is the subsystem of formal second order arithmetic, Z2, with comprehension confined to -formulae. The same techniques can be used to provide ordinal analyses for theories that are reducible to iterated -comprehension, e.g., -comprehension. The details will be laid out in [28]. Ordinal-theoretic proof theory came into existence in 1936, springing forth from Gentzen's head in the course of his consistency proof of arithmetic. Gentzen fostered hopes that with sufficiently large constructive ordinals one could establish the consistency of analysis, i.e., Z2. Considerable progress has been made in proof theory since Gentzen's tragic death on August 4th, 1945, but an ordinal analysis of Z2 is still something to be sought. However, for reasons that cannot be explained here, -comprehension appears to be the main stumbling block on the road to understanding full comprehension, giving hope for an ordinal analysis of Z2 in the foreseeable future. Roughly speaking, ordinally informative proof theory attaches ordinals in a recursive representation system to proofs in a given formal system; transformations on proofs to certain canonical forms are then partially mirrored by operations on the associated ordinals. Among other things, ordinal analysis of a formal system serves to characterize its provably recursive ordinals, functions and functionals and can yield both conservation and combinatorial independence results.

Occurrence and Prevention of Changes in the Chemical Structure of Natural Rubber Tire Tread Vulcanizates during Service

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1215-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Cunneen ◽  
R. M. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Main Chain ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Before And After ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Made In

Abstract The chemical structure of the tread vulcanizate of heavy-duty tires has been investigated before and after service on the road, and after testing under conditions designed to induce tread-lift. Significant changes occurred. These included a marked reduction in the concentration of polysulfide crosslinks, and an increase in the amount of monosulfide crosslinks and main chain modification. Experiments with vulcanizates made in the laboratory indicated that the structural alterations in the tires were due to thermal anaerobic reactions caused by heat build-up, and that they resulted in a deterioration in some of the physical properties of the tread vulcanizate. The rate of desulfuration of ‘model’ polysulfides has been found to depend critically upon the nature of the vulcanization recipe. These novel findings point the way to improving the stability of vulcanizates used in the treads of tires and, consequently, tire performance.

scholarly journals Kajian Adaptive Reuse Bangunan dalam Konteks Mitigasi Bencana di Kota Denpasar

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Gede Parama Putra
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Reuse ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Sports Facilities ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
The Road ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract: Adaptive reuse in general is modifying a place for the function proposed or adapted to the existing function. Studies on the benefits of Adaptive Reuse are considered capable of providing three benefits such as, environmental aspects, social aspects and economic aspects and if associated with the context of disaster mitigation, the application of Adaptive Reuse is an alternative strategy in providing temporary shelter. The selection of Denpasar City as a research location is based on several considerations such as, the high number of unused buildings, strategic locations and infrastructure in accommodating refugees from outside the region and challenges to the lack of green land as a place of refuge. This study examines old buildings that begin with an understanding of evaluation criteria, the second stage is mapping and measuring old buildings which will be categorized based on the type of building, the third stage is building valuation. The results of the study obtained four buildings that were feasible to be used as temporary dwellings, namely, hotel lodging facilities on Jalan Puputan, Renon; sports facilities and parks namely Gor Kompyang Sujana on the road of Mt. Agung No.160 Pemecutan Kaja ; commercial facility building, namely the Shopping Block at Dewi Sartika Street, Dauh Puri Klod ; and cultural and entertainment facilities, namely Ardha Candra open stage at Nusa Indah No.1 street, Panjer.Keywords: Adaptive Reuse; Natural Disaster; Temporary Shelter, Denpasar City.Abstrak: Adaptive reuse secara umum yaitu memodifikasi sebuah tempat untuk fungsi yang diusulkan atau disesuaikan dengan fungsi eksisting. Kajian-kajian megenai manfaat Adaptive reuse dinilai mampu memberikan tiga manfaat yaitu, aspek lingkungan, aspek sosial dan aspek ekonomi dan jika dikaitkan dengan konteks mitigasi bencana, penerapan Adaptive reuse adalah strategi alternatif dalam penyediaan hunian sementara. Pemilihan Kota Denpasar sebagai lokasi penelitian yang didasari oleh beberapa pertimbangan seperti, tingginya jumlah bangunan yang tak terpakai, lokasi dan infrastruktur yang strategis dalam mengakomodasi pengungsi dari luar daerah dan tantangan terhadap minimnya lahan hijau sebagai tempat pengungsian.  Penelitian ini mengkaji bangunan tua yang dimulai dengan pemahaman kriteria evaluasi, tahap kedua yaitu pemetaan dan pengukuran bangunan tua yang akan di kategorikan berdasarkan tipe bangunan, tahap ketiga yaitu penilaian bangunan. Hasil penelitian memperoleh empat bangunan yang layak untuk digunakan sebagai tempat tinggal sementara yaitu, bangunan dan fasilitas penginapan hotel di jalan Raya Puputan, Renon, Denpasar; bangunan fasilitas olahraga dan taman yaitu Gor Kompyang Sujana di jalan Gn. Agung No.160 Pemecutan Kaja, Denpasar; bangunan fasilitas komersial yaitu Blok Pertokoan di jalan Dewi Sartika, Dauh Puri Klod, Denpasar; dan bangunan fasilitas budaya dan hiburan yaitu panggung terbuka Ardha Candra di jalan Nusa Indah No.1, Panjer, Denpasar.Kata Kunci: Penggunaan Kembali, Bencana Alam, Hunian Sementara, Kota Denpasar.

scholarly journals Analysis factors affecting formation on the clutch durability between asphalt-concrete layers of road clothing

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Liydmyla Levkivska ◽  
◽  
Jafar Musa Elallak
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
On The Road

This article reflects the importance of the road network for the social development of society and the development of the economy of the country as a whole. On the basis of literary sources provides complex analysis of roads in Ukraine, their current functional state and tendencies of development. It is established that the road industry is in a rather difficult situation due to unsatisfactory transport and operational conditions of the vast majority of Ukrainian roads. Construction of new roads is extremely rare because of lack of financial resources. Road works are usually carried out to preserve the network of already existing roads and to ensure their necessary transport and operational status. According to the results of the analysis, one of the main reasons for the premature destruction of newly constructed or repaired non-rigid pavements is the low strength of interlayer adhesion in the contact area of the newly covered material with the layer below. The effect of clutch durability between asphalt layers on the road strength has been studied in detail. A number of factors that affect the quality of clutch durability between layers are analyzed. It is established that in order to ensure the strength of grafting between asphalt concrete layers of road clothing, it is necessary to strictly observe the technological regimes of their laying, above all temperature; to take into account the physical and mechanical properties of materials at the construction stage and the influence of climatic and mechanical factors, or most often their complex effect on the operation of the highway.

scholarly journals Assessing Labour Market Vulnerability among Young People

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-213
Author(s):  
Theo Sparreboom ◽  
Lubna Shahnaz
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Vulnerability Framework ◽  
Made In

Labour market performance in Pakistan has improved markedly in recent years. This paper examines the extent to which young people have benefited from this improvement, using the labour market vulnerability framework that was recently introduced by the ILO. This framework can be used to assess the difficulties young people face on the road to decent employment, and may also serve as a basis for the development of appropriate policies and interventions. Drawing on empirical evidence from various surveys, in particular the Labour Force Survey, we conclude that vulnerability among the youth has generally been reduced since 1999-2000. Vulnerability of women has been reduced through higher enrolment rates in education, and unemployment among both men and women has declined. Far less progress has been made in reducing vulnerability among the employed, and youth still face numerous obstacles that hamper the attainment of decent employment. The paper offers recommendations on the role of labour market information in reducing youth vulnerability. JEL classification: J40, J13 Keyword: Labour Market; Youth; Pakistan

Operationalization of the Lessons Learned Process

2014 ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Peter Avis ◽  
Joe Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
The Road ◽  
Organizational Behaviour ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

An essential step on the road to solving the lessons learned challenge is for organizations to “operationalize” the process for lessons learned such that the important lessons are not just observed but are learned over time to improve organizational behaviour. There are seven key findings: the engagement and integration of leadership into the lessons learned process; the development of spheres of influence and the corresponding organizational “loops”; the selection of a limited number of “rolled-up” observations to pursue – “five (good ones) are much better than 500”; the use of symposia to ensure education and collective “buy-in”; the development of action plans to engage the leadership and provide a practical direction on the way ahead; the triggering, packaging, dispatching, and recreation of lessons identified such that they are attainable and welcomed by the receiving stakeholders; and the development of logical, distinct steps in creating a database.

scholarly journals Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1481) ◽  
pp. 857-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sid Kouider ◽  
Stanislas Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Visual Masking ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Input Stimulus ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
On The Road

Understanding the extent and limits of non-conscious processing is an important step on the road to a thorough understanding of the cognitive and cerebral correlates of conscious perception. In this article, we present a critical review of research on subliminal perception during masking and other related experimental conditions. Although initially controversial, the possibility that a broad variety of processes can be activated by a non-reportable stimulus is now well established. Behavioural findings of subliminal priming indicate that a masked word or digit can have an influence on perceptual, lexical and semantic levels, while neuroimaging directly visualizes the brain activation that it evokes in several cortical areas. This activation is often attenuated under subliminal presentation conditions compared to consciously reportable conditions, but there are sufficiently many exceptions, in paradigms such as the attentional blink, to indicate that high activation, per se , is not a sufficient condition for conscious access to occur. We conclude by arguing that for a stimulus to reach consciousness, two factors are jointly needed: (i) the input stimulus must have enough strength (which can be prevented by masking) and (ii) it must receive top-down attention (which can be prevented by drawing attention to another stimulus or task). This view leads to a distinction between two types of non-conscious processes, which we call subliminal and preconscious. According to us, maintaining this distinction is essential in order to make sense of the growing neuroimaging data on the neural correlates of consciousness.

scholarly journals On the Road to Heaven: Taxation, Conversions, and the Coptic-Muslim Socioeconomic Gap in Medieval Egypt

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
The Road ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Medieval Egypt ◽  
Initial Selection ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Ses Differences ◽  
Poll Tax

Self-selection of converts is an under-studied explanation of inter-religion socioeconomic status (SES) differences. Inspired by this conjecture, I trace the Coptic-Muslim SES gap in Egypt to self-selection-on-SES during Egypt’s conversion from Coptic Christianity to Islam. Selection was driven by a poll tax on non-Muslims, imposed from 641 until 1856, which induced poorer Copts to convert to Islam leading Copts to shrink into a better-off minority. Using novel data sources, I document that high-tax districts in 641–1100 had in 1848–1868 relatively fewer Copts, but greater SES differentials. Group restrictions on apprenticeships and schooling led the initial selection to perpetuate.

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