Dynamic Methods for Determination of Bond Strength between Rubbers and between Rubber and Cord

M. A. Tsydzik; A. I. Lukomskaya; G. L. Slonimskiĭ

doi:10.5254/1.3542132

Dynamic Methods for Determination of Bond Strength between Rubbers and between Rubber and Cord

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3542132 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 42-50

Author(s):

M. A. Tsydzik ◽

A. I. Lukomskaya ◽

G. L. Slonimskiĭ

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Dynamic Deformation ◽

Static Tests ◽

Methods Of Determination ◽

Synthetic Rubber ◽

Dynamic Methods ◽

Shape Structure ◽

Viscose Cord

Abstract The standard methods of determination of bond strength between layers of rubber and rubberized fabric and between rubber and other materials (GOST 6768-53, GOST 264-53 and others) are of the static type and do not give a clear assessment of the bond strength of multiply rubber structures which are subject during use to temperature influences and to complex deformations which are repeated many times. This drawback is partially compensated for by carrying out the tests at elevated temperatures. Nevertheless static tests, from their very nature, cannot reproduce the particular character of dynamic conditions. In recent years there have been developed in different countries a large number of dynamic methods of determination of bond strength, which often differ little from each other in principle. In connection with the establishment of production of tires of 100% synthetic rubber, and also the introduction of viscose cord, dynamic methods were established in the Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Shin. Prom. (Tire Research Institute) and at the Moscow and Yaroslavl Tire Works. These methods differ from each other in the nature of the action (repeated compression, repeated shear and the like) and in the shape, structure and dimensions of the specimens being tested, but were fairly similar in the testing routine. If the settling of the specimens in the testing period is negligible, then the testing routine may be regarded as one of constant dynamic deformation, or, more accurately, of constant ampliture of movement of the platens deforming the specimens. In 1954 we established in the mechanical testing laboratory of the Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Shin. Prom. a new method of determination of the bond strength of the rubber with rubber and of the rubber with the cord. The method allows tests to be carried out in repeated compression and in repeated shear in three principal sinusoidal cycles: 1) with constant dynamic loading, 2) with constant dynamic deformation and 3) with constant product of amplitudes of force and movement.

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Determination of Static and Dynamic Bond Strength between Vulcanizates

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3542175 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 581-586 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. M. Reznikowskiĭ

Keyword(s):

Service Life ◽

Bond Strength ◽

Dynamic Testing ◽

Dynamic Pattern ◽

Static Tests ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

Inadequate Knowledge ◽

Dynamic Methods ◽

Selection Of

Abstract Methods employed for the determination of bond strength between vulcanizates may be classified as static or dynamic. Each of these groups has its own advantages and shortcomings. One undoubted advantage of the majority of static methods is that the tests are carried out under conditions where the stresses and deformations which determine ply separation may be measured directly. It is at the same time easy to determine the temperature since the specimens undergoing ply separation may be thermostatically conditioned. Nevertheless the practical value of the results obtained in static tests is very limited. In the first place, the character of the stresses governing ply separation in no way reproduces the true picture of the service life of multiply vulcanized rubber articles (in particular, tires), and, secondly, the resistance to ply separation for a single loading, for a number of reasons, may not indicate the endurance of the articles under repeated deformation. In dynamic tests we use the endurance under repeated deformations as a criterion of bond strength, presuming that the dynamic pattern of testing in some way reproduces the pattern of service of the material in the article. Unfortunately, the index of service life of any test specimens depends, in a complex manner which we do not in general understand, not only upon the bond strength between the vulcanizates, but also upon the stresses, deformations and also temperatures developed in the boundary layer. These parameters (stress, deformation and temperature) depend in their turn upon the elastic and relaxation properties of the vulcanizates from which the test specimen is made up. If the testing of the specimens is carried out in a dynamic pattern essentially different from that of service, then the results may be quite contrary to the behavior of the materials in an article. The selection of a rational method of dynamic testing applicable to tire compounds is particularly complicated on account of inadequate knowledge of the dynamic pattern of the operation of the component parts of the tire. Summarizing, we see that in investigations and tests of bond strength between vulcanizates we are obliged to use both static and dynamic methods. The static methods, allowing a quantitative interpretation of the results, must be considered more reliable for investigations in the fields of adhesion and covulcanization, particularly in cases where we are studying the effect of factors which essentially alter the properties (above all, the elastic and hysteresis properties) of pliedup vulcanizates.

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Factors Affecting Bond Strength between the Elements of Tires

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3542174 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 556-580

Author(s):

G. N. Buĭko ◽

N. M. Arenzon ◽

A. I. Tumanova ◽

N. P. Zinchenko ◽

N. A. Pruzhanskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Point Of View ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Synthetic Rubber ◽

Decisive Importance ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Technical Proficiency ◽

Service Conditions ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Abstract 1. Ply separation of tires is one of the essential factors reducing their mileage, particularly under difficult service conditions. Enhancement of the dynamic bond strength between elements of the tires is a most important line of study for increasing the mileage of tires based on synthetic rubber. 2. An analysis of defects in tires failing as a result of separation shows that for a given level of technical proficiency in handling synthetic rubber the adhesion type of separation between pliedup compounds or between rubber and cord (of viscose filament) is predominant. This form of failure is particularly characteristic of tires with vulcanizates based on butadiene/styrene rubber in all the main parts. 3. In investigations concerning separation phenomena in tires, decisive importance attaches to methods of determination of bond strength under conditions of dynamic loading of pliedup vulcanizates and rubber cord systems. We still do not have methods which could be regarded as fully satisfying the requirements proposed. However a series of methods have been provided which make it possible to assess, with an accuracy suitable for practical purposes, the effect of this or that factor upon the bond strength and to show the advantages and inadequacies of pliedup systems from the point of view of the operation of tires under actual service conditions. 4. The experimental results obtained show that the dynamic bond strength in pliedup systems, as also the endurance of the tires in relation to separation resistance, is determined by a complex body of physico-chemical and technological factors, by the construction of the articles, and also by the pattern of loading under repeated deformations. The general theoretical ideas developed in articles by some investigators, that the highest bond strength is to be achieved where full adhesion of the raw pliedup stocks takes place, as shown by the disappearance of boundaries between them, and that in all cases the factors which enhance the flowability of the stock enhance also the bond strength between them, were not confirmed experimentally.

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