Heat Generation in Tires Due to the Viscoelastic Properties of Elastomeric Components

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Willett
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Stress Amplitude ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Shoulder Region ◽  
Response Equation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between the heat generation as experienced in the tire shoulder and the viscoelastic properties of the tire elastomeric components has been formulated. The analysis was facilitated by adopting the technique of multiple regression where the significance of each response equation was statistically evaluated. The physical intepretation and consequences of such response equations have been extensively discussed, whereas literature on the subject is incomplete. Effects of tire construction and size on the heat generation in the shoulder region was carried out by analyzing the results of tires that had reached a state of thermal equilibrium on an indoor tire-dynamometer. The tires used in the analysis were cross-ply and radial-ply passenger tires and cross-ply truck tires. Within the limits of such an analysis, the heat generation experienced in the tire shoulder was predominantly due to the condition classified as that of constant stress amplitude.

Variations in Tire Hysteretic Losses Due to Tire Design

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Willett
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Truck Tires

Abstract The technique of analyzing energy losses of tires that have reached a state of thermal equilibrium has been applied to cross-ply and radial-ply passenger car tires and cross-ply truck tires. The derived formulations relating the tire energy losses to the viscoelastic properties of the tire components show the dependence of these losses on tire size and construction. The analysis was carried out by systematically varying tire tread compounds and operating parameters. This investigation of the energy losses experienced by tires operating in a state of thermal equilibrium, has enabled the losses due to the various stress-strain deformations to be characterized. In particular, the losses due to the strain deformation have been correlated with two mechanisms, which are outlined. The results described enable a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for tire energy losses and allow the tire losses to be predicted at the design stage.

Viscoelastic Properties of Truck Tire Compounds and the Related Heat Build-Up

1972 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
P. Kainradl ◽  
G. Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Minimum Residual ◽  
Shoulder Region ◽  
Rubber Coating ◽  
Heat Build Up ◽  
Operating Temperatures

Abstract Rubber compounds used in the manufacture of tread-cap, tread-base, and for the rubber-coating of the rayon cord for 12.00–20 tires have been varied in composition and, in consequence, their viscoelastic properties have been altered. Operating temperatures, in test-wheel runs, have been measured in the shoulder region of the tire close to the casing, using a needle-thermocouple. Multiple-regression has been used to investigate which combinations of viscoelastic properties of the rubber vulcanizates would give a linear, significant correlation to the heat build-up in the tire with a minimum residual. From the nature of the variables in the regression functions, conclusions have been drawn on the type of load occurring in the different components of the tire. It was found that the tread cap contributed to the heat build-up according to its loss compliance E″/|E*|2 and the carcass according to its loss-factor, E″/E′. Thus, the statistics show that the greater contribution to the heat build-up comes from the tread-base, according to its loss-factor also. The values of temperatures, calculated by the multiple-regression, show deviations of only a few degrees centigrade compared to the average temperatures of tires of the same construction. Therefore the operating temperatures of tires to be expected as a result of the compound variations can be estimated in advance. On individual tires greater deviations, up to 10°C, have been measured. These are due to inevitable inaccuracies in tire building and errors in temperature measurements.

Locus of Control, Repression-Sensitization, and Interpersonal Causality

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Spring ◽  
Prabha Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between repression-sensitization and multidimensional locus of control, particularly as these variables relate to a third variable, the attribution of causality in interpersonal relationships. 41 male psychiatric inpatients were employed as subjects, of whom 18 were from an acute general inpatient unit and 23 were from an alcohol and drug unit. Eight independent variables were considered. There were eight dependent variables which were derived from an attribution measure devised for this study. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that the variable having the most predictive power with respect to causal attributions was the subsample which the subject represented. A second analysis excluding subsample considerations showed that Levenson's Powerful Others scale was positively correlated with Internal-Positive attributions. Other significant correlations between the various measures were examined.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽  
Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

HUBUNGAN GAYA BELAJAR SISWA TERHADAP ASPEK PENGETAHUAN SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN SISTEM KOMPUTER DI SMK IT RAHMATAN KARIMAH BENGKULU TENGAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Dian Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Auditory Learning ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to find out the relationship between learning style and students’ knowledge aspect on Computer System Subject at SMK IT Rahmatan Karimah of  Central Bengkulu, the type of research is quantitative and the subject of research is grade X in SMK IT Rahmatan Karimah of  Central Bengkulu. Data collection techniques using observation, Questionnaire and documentation. Data analysis techniques used were Descriptive Analysis, and inferential Statistical Analysis. The results of visual learning style post-test were 11 people with a mean of 76.36, an auditory learning style of 8 people at a mean of 62.14, a kinesthetic learning style of 3 people at a mean of 50.33, apart from that (r x y = 2.35) and the magnitude of r is reflected in the table (r table = 0.4132). Then rxy > r table ie = 2.35> 0.4132. In other words, Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. It has a significant relationship between the learning styles of students and students’ knowledge aspect on Computer System Subject of grade X TKJ in SMK IT Rahmatan Karimah of  Central Bengkulu

The Miracles and Cult of St Margaret of Scotland

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
SangDong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Historical Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Queen Margaret (1070–93) has been the subject of much historical research. Previous studies of the queen and later saint have been undertaken from several different perspectives, including the biographical, institutional and hagiographical. In addition, some scholars have focused on her piety and later cult. Although a saint's miracles were one of the significant elements affecting the development of a cult, far less interest has been shown in the geopolitical importance of the miracles attributed to St Margaret and the relationship between the miracles and the saint's cult. The intention of this paper is to examine the miracles attributed to St Margaret and to identify their characteristics within the context of their contribution to, and influence in, the development of her cult.

The Priority of Democracy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Knight ◽  
James Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Institutional Choice ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Strong Case ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Pragmatism and its consequences are central issues in American politics today, yet scholars rarely examine in detail the relationship between pragmatism and politics. This book systematically explores the subject and makes a strong case for adopting a pragmatist approach to democratic politics—and for giving priority to democracy in the process of selecting and reforming political institutions. What is the primary value of democracy? When should we make decisions democratically and when should we rely on markets? And when should we accept the decisions of unelected officials, such as judges or bureaucrats? This book explores how a commitment to pragmatism should affect our answers to such important questions. It concludes that democracy is a good way of determining how these kinds of decisions should be made—even if what the democratic process determines is that not all decisions should be made democratically. So, for example, the democratically elected U.S. Congress may legitimately remove monetary policy from democratic decision-making by putting it under the control of the Federal Reserve. This book argues that pragmatism offers an original and compelling justification of democracy in terms of the unique contributions democratic institutions can make to processes of institutional choice. This focus highlights the important role that democracy plays, not in achieving consensus or commonality, but rather in addressing conflicts. Indeed, the book suggest that democratic politics is perhaps best seen less as a way of reaching consensus or agreement than as a way of structuring the terms of persistent disagreement.

Zur Pragmatik und Grammatik der Wissenschaftskommunikation. Ein Modellierungsvorschlag

Fachsprache ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 36-60
Author(s):  
Mathilde Hennig ◽  
Dániel Czicza
Keyword(s):  
Language Variation ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Communication In Science

The article aims to examine grammatical features and pragmatic concerns of communicating in the sciences. In the research of certain languages, it became common to explaingrammatical features such as the usage of passive voice and nominal structures by communication requirements such as objectivity and precision. With the assumption that communication in science is designed to help gain and spread new insight, the authors tried to integrate several approaches to pragmatic and grammatical features of communication. By discussing the relationship between the grammar of certain languages and of the corresponding common language, the article also places the subject of communication in the sciences in the discipline of language variation.

Learning Language Levels in Students Accurate with a History Academic Achievement History

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Noorlela Binti Noordin ◽  
Abdul Razaq Ahmad ◽  
Anuar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Language Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Learning Language ◽  
The Relationship

This study was aimed to evaluate the Malay proficiency among students in Form Two especially non-Malay students and its relationship to academic achievement History. To achieve the purpose of the study there are two objectives, the first is to look at the difference between mean of Malay Language test influences min of academic achievement of History subject among non-Malay students in Form Two and the second is the relationship between the level of Malay proficiency and their academic achievement for History. This study used quantitative methods, which involved 100 people of Form Two non-Malay students in one of the schools in Klang, Selangor. This study used quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical inference with IBM SPSS Statistics v22 software. This study found that there was a relationship between the proficiency of Malay language among non-Malay students with achievements in the subject of History. The implications of this study are discussed in this article.

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