Dependence of Laboratory Tire Cord Adhesion on Rubber Properties

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Rubber Layer ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Hot Strip ◽  
Mechanical Bonding

Abstract H- and strip adhesion results on nylon and glass tire cords were found to depend on various physical properties of the adhering rubber compounds. The strip adhesion test was most affected by changes in tensile strength and elongation, with higher values of adhesion being measured with high elongation-high strength compounds. Tensile strength was especially influential in the case of hot strip adhesion. H-adhcsion results were more affected by the characteristics of the rubber during curing than by the tensile properties of the cured rubbers. Compounds having higher Mooney viscosities developed higher pressures in the curing mold. Because of this tendency, the rubber was postulated to penetrate more thoroughly into the tire cord, giving better mechanical and physical bonding because of the better contact. Rubbers which were slower curing, as indicated by long optimum cure times, tended to increase H-adhesion, presumably because they allowed better interfacial bonding by their capability for increased curative or polymer diffusion before complete self-curing of the rubber. High Mooney viscosities and long optimum cure time were particularly effective in increasing H-adhesion of glass cord because of the normally low level of mechanical bonding of the rubber to glass cord (because of its low twist). Nylon cord, normally higher in mechanical bonding which results in overall higher levels of H-adhesion, was high in room temperature H-adhesion to high Mooney compounds. However, the tensile strength was controlling in the case of hot H-measurements of nylon cord because of the greater level of mechanical bonding already present. Room temperature and hot “tear ratings” representing the rubber coverages on delaminated strip adhesion samples varied with the optimum cure times of the rubber compounds rather than with tear strength. As in the H-adhesion samples, the lower-cure-rate rubbers are thought to increase the bonding between dip and rubber by increasing the diffusion of curatives or polymer segments at the rubber-to-dip interface. Hot “tear ratings” also showed an inverse correlation with tensile strengths, indicating that the hot strength of the rubber layer is low enough in some cases to make that intermediate layer the weakest point in the laminate, and strong enough in other cases to force the delamination to occur between the cord and rubber, giving low tear ratings. The delamination force measured in hot strip adhesion tests varied as the square of the tensile strength of the ply rubber, in agreement with Kaelble's theoretical expression. However, the peel force did not vary inversely with the 100 per cent rubber modulus, as predicted if that parameter is related to Young's modulus.

Optimization of the Product of Strength and Plasticity of Hot-Stamped WHT1300HF High Strength Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 798-799 ◽  
pp. 280-285
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Bo Chi ◽  
Zeng Min Shi ◽  
Ji Bin Liu ◽  
Li Jian
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
High Strength Steel ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Carbide Precipitation ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Untransformed Austenite ◽  
Strength And Plasticity

The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process was performed on high strength steel WHT1300HF at 250-350 °C for 30 to 90 s, respectively, for the improvement of its product of strength and plasticity (PSP). ε-carbide precipitation was observed in all the specimens partitioned at each temperature for different periods of time due to inadequate amount of Si in the composition of WHT1300HF steel. The volume fraction of retained austenite at room temperature in the partitioned specimens is extremely low due to the lack of carbon enrichment in untransformed austenite at the partitioning temperature as a result of the carbide precipitation. The decrease of tensile strength and increase of elongation are caused by the partitioning treatment, a maximum value of the PSP (17.6 GPa%) is achieved by partitioning at 300 °C for 60 s.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1466-1472
Author(s):  
Wanghuan Qian ◽  
Zhangyong Yu ◽  
Tao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Pulse Current ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Nanocrystalline Nickel ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composite ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced

AbstractIn order to obtain higher strength fiber reinforced composite electroforming deposit, carbon fiber reinforced nanocrystalline nickel composite electroforming deposit was prepared by electrodepositing with pulse current and a flexible wheel was applied to rub and extrude the electroforming deposit. Results shown that when the grains of the carbon fiber reinforced nickel composite electroforming deposit were refined from micron to 80nm at room temperature, the microhardness increased from 230Hv to 740Hv, and the tensile strength increased from 1025MPa to 1472MPa. With the further refinement of the grains of the electroforming deposit, the tensile strength decreased significantly due to the decrease of the bonding strength between the carbon fiber and the nickel matrix, while the microhardness still increased to 758Hv. At 200°C, the carbon fiber reinforced nanocrystalline nickel composite electroforming deposit still showed high strength. When the temperature rose to 400°C, the influence of nanocrystalline on the tensile strength of the carbon fiber reinforced nickel composite electroforming deposit was no longer significant, due to the rapid growth of crystal grains and the precipitation of interfacial brittle substances.

Continuous Annealing Process and Microstructure Property of 1200mpa High Strength Steel by Ultrafast Cooling

2014 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
San Chuan Yu ◽  
Ren Bo Song ◽  
Qi Feng Dai ◽  
Zhe Gao
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Continuous Annealing ◽  
Experimental Steel ◽  
Steel Increase ◽  
Ultrafast Cooling

The different dilatometric curves of continuous cooling transformation have been determined by DIL805 thermal mechanical simulate, through metallographic and hardness method to study the effect of different cooling rate on the microstructure of transition. The critical point Ac1 and Ac3 of the tested steel are 709°C and 865°C. With the increase of cooling rate, the hardness of the steel and the content of martensite increase. In the laboratory conditions, the steel in this experiment was heated to 780°C, 800°C, 820°C, 840°C and 860°C, for 80s, then slowly cooled to 680°C, and water quenched to room temperature finally. The aging temperature was 240°C for 300s, and the last the sample was air cooled to room temperature. The results show that the microstructure of the annealed experimental steel belongs to martensite and ferrite. With the increase of annealing temperature, the content of martensite, the tensile strength and yield strength of the experimental steel increase, and the elongation decreases continuously. The sample was annealed at 800°C for 80s, then slowly cooled to 680°C and finally water quenched to room temperature. After overaging at 240°C, the samples were obtained with high mechanical properties. The tensile strength, yield strength and elongation are 1223MPa, 605MPa and 9.2%, respectively.

Effect of Different Annealing Process for Microstructure and Properties of 1200MPa HSLA Steel

2015 ◽  
Vol 713-715 ◽  
pp. 2653-2657
Author(s):  
Yu Pei ◽  
Zhe Gao ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Shi Qian Zhao ◽  
Chang Yu Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Hsla Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Annealing Process ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Microstructure And Properties

For C-Si-Mn low carbon HSLA(High Strength Low Alloyed) steel, the influence of microstructure and properties were researched on the different annealing processes. The result showed that the microstructure at room temperature of the steel were polygonal ferrite, island martensite and punctate bainite. With the increase of the annealing temperature, the content of martensite and bainiteincreased and the content of ferrite decreased. Accordingly, tensile strengthincreased from 1069MPa to 1498MPa, and the elongation decreased from 13.8% to 5.1%. With the increase of the overaging temperature, tensile strength decreased from 1315MPa to 1152MPa, and the elongationincreased from8.5% to9.8%. Finally, the optimum annealing process obtained that the annealing temperature was 820°C for 80s, slow cooling to 680°C, water quenching to room temperature, the overaging temperature was 280°C for 300s and air cooling to room temperature. The material obtained higher tensile strength and better elongation.

Influence of Microstructure and Precipitates on the Mechanical Properties of High Strength Hot Strip

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 1678-1682
Author(s):  
Jia Yan Ma ◽  
Wen Liang ◽  
Yun Guan ◽  
Zhao Jun Deng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Precipitation Strengthening ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Hot Strip

The relation between the microstructure, precipitates and the longitudinal mechanical properties of high strength hot strip was studied by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the yield strengths of the coil outer and middle parts were higher than that of inner part by 65MPa, and the tensile strength of the coil outer part was higher than that of middle part and inner part by about 50MPa. The number of subgrain with small size and that of dispersion distribution precipitates less than 30nm in outer part and middle part were more than that in inner part, which resulted that subgrain and precipitation strengthening were larger than that of inner part. For the coil inner part, the strengthening effects were made of fine-grained strengthening and M/A islands strengthening. The contribution of subgrain and precipitation strengthening to intensity is larger than that of fine-grained strengthening, which is the main reason causing the outer and middle parts having higher yield strength. The least tensile strength of middle part is related to the many blocky ferrites.

scholarly journals Deformation behavior of Austenitic stainless steel at subzero temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 309 ◽  
pp. 01215
Author(s):  
M. Krishnamraju ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Sushil Mishra ◽  
K Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Hardening ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Subzero Temperature ◽  
Strain Hardening Exponent

Austenitic stainless steel is one of the second generation advanced high strength steel which finds application in automobile, aerospace and cryogenic components. The component made of austenitic steel might operate in subzero temperature condition because of its excellent formability even at subzero temperature. In the present work several tensile tests were performed on austenitic stainless-steel sheet of thickness 1.2 mm at 0°C, -40°C, -80°C, -120°C and at different strain rates of 0.01/sec,0.001/sec,0.0001/sec. The resultant mechanical properties, like yield strength, tensile strength, elongation percent and strain hardening exponent, along with phase fractions and microstructural properties were analyzed to understand the reasons for change in mechanical properties, on comparing with room temperature properties. It was noticed that tensile strength is 635 Mpa, & strain hardening exponent is 0.38 at room temperature (25 °C) and tensile strength is 1236 Mpa, & strain hardening exponent is O.49 at -120°C. Similarly, XRD characterization revealed that strain induced martensite increased from zero percent at 25°C (room temperature) to 57 percent at-120°C Similarly EBSD characterization revealed that grain average misorientation which also increased from room temperature to-120°C.

A TEM microscopical investigation of the magnetic domain structure of a metastable austenitic stainless steel

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 696-697
Author(s):  
G. Fourlaris ◽  
T. Gladman
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Medium Carbon Steel ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

Stainless steels have widespread applications due to their good corrosion resistance, but for certain types of large naval constructions, other requirements are imposed such as high strength and toughness , and modified magnetic characteristics.The magnetic characteristics of a 302 type metastable austenitic stainless steel has been assessed after various cold rolling treatments designed to increase strength by strain inducement of martensite. A grade 817M40 low alloy medium carbon steel was used as a reference material.The metastable austenitic stainless steel after solution treatment possesses a fully austenitic microstructure. However its tensile strength , in the solution treated condition , is low.Cold rolling results in the strain induced transformation to α’- martensite in austenitic matrix and enhances the tensile strength. However , α’-martensite is ferromagnetic , and its introduction to an otherwise fully paramagnetic matrix alters the magnetic response of the material. An example of the mixed martensitic-retained austenitic microstructure obtained after the cold rolling experiment is provided in the SEM micrograph of Figure 1.

DOGAL 600 and 800 DP

Alloy Digest ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength

Abstract Dogal 600 and 800 DP are high-strength steels with a microstructure that contains ferrite, which is soft and formable, and martensite, which is hard and contributes to the strength of the steel. The designation relates to the lowest tensile strength. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on forming, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CS-160. Producer or source: SSAB Swedish Steel Inc. and SSAB Swedish Steel.

ALUMINUM 713.0

Alloy Digest ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
Casting Alloy ◽  
Silicon Alloys ◽  
Aluminum Silicon Alloys ◽  
Permanent Mold Castings ◽  
Aluminum Base

Abstract ALUMINUM 713.0 is an aluminum-base casting alloy that ages at room temperature to provide high-strength sand and permanent-mold castings. It has a good combination of mechanical properties and its corrosion resistance is equivalent to that of the aluminum-silicon alloys. It is dimensionally stable. Among its many uses are housings, machinery parts, fittings, lever arms and brackets. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive and shear strength as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-263. Producer or source: Various aluminum companies.

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