Effects of Self-Diffusion and Inter-Diffusion in Polymer Systems

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1153-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Voyutskii ◽  
V. L. Vakula
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Self Diffusion ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Diffusion In Polymers ◽  
Molecular Substances ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Correlate Data

Abstract Diffusion of low-molecular substances in high polymers has been the object of study by many Soviet and other investigators during the past two decades. Included is the work of Reitlinger, Zhurkova, Ryskin, Malinskii, and Vasenin in the Soviet Union, and Barrer, Crank, Long, Auerbach, van Amerongen, McCall, Shtamm, and many other authors elsewhere. By way of contrast, the effects of self-diffusion in polymers and diffusion of polymer in polymer (inter-diffusion) have been given little study because of the great experimental difficulties and the complexity of theoretical explanations. Meanwhile, these effects have considerable scientific and practical significance. As will be seen hereafter, very many properties of polymers are associated in some manner with diffusivity of macromolecules or their segments. No less important is the tendency toward self- and inter-diffusion of polymers in processing and use. The aim of this review is to correlate data concerning self- and inter-diffusion of polymers containing elastic molecules (elastomers), available in several studies, and to suggest further paths for investigation of this problem.

Culture, Britain, and Europe

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-414
Author(s):  
Geoff Eley
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Single European Market ◽  
Cultural Construct ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Object Of Study

We are in the midst of a remarkable moment of historical change, in which the very meaning of “Europe” — as economic region, political entity, cultural construct, object of study—is being called dramatically into question, and with it the meanings of the national cultures that provide its parts. While perceptions have been overwhelmed by the political transformations in the east since the autumn of 1989, profound changes have also been afoot in the west, with the legislation aimed at producing a single European market in 1992. Moreover, these dramatic events — the democratic revolutions against Stalinism in Eastern Europe, the expansion and strengthening of the European Community (EC) — have presupposed a larger context of accumulating change. The breakthrough to reform under Yuri Andropov and Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, the Solidarity crisis in Poland, and the stealthful reorientations in Hungary have been matched by longer-run processes of change in Western Europe, resulting from the crisis of social democracy in its postwar Keynesian welfare-statist forms, capitalist restructuring, and the general trend toward transnational Western European economic integration.Taken as a whole, these developments in east and west make the years 1989-92 one of those few times when fundamental political and constitutional changes, in complex articulation with social and economic transformations, are occurring on a genuinely European-wide scale, making this one of the several great constitution-making periods of modern European history.

Pulsed and Steady Field Gradient NMR Diffusion Measurements in Polymers

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst D. von Meerwall
Keyword(s):  
Spin Echo ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Free Volume Theory ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Polymer Molecules ◽  
Self Diffusion ◽  
Semidilute Solutions ◽  
Nmr Diffusion ◽  
Nmr Methods ◽  
And Diffusion

Abstract Some twenty years after the development of the steady and pulsed gradient spin-echo NMR methods of measuring self-diffusion, these techniques are now maturing and experiencing a surge of interest, much of it concentrated on polymer systems. The methods are briefly reviewed here, together with the most important results in polymers, with particular concentration on work described within the last few years. The research is divisible into three categories: diffusion of diluent and penetrant molecules in rubbery high polymers, diffusion of polymer molecules in dilute and semidilute solutions with liquid solvents, and diffusion of macromolecules dissolved in concentrated solutions or melts of equivalent or different polymers of arbitrary molecular weight. The review includes the main theoretical interpretations of the experiments, particularly the free-volume theory in its various forms and power-law behaviors postulated by recent refinements of tube/reptation and scaling theory. This article represents an updated elaboration of an earlier review.

The idea of independence and freedom in the activities of Hasan Oraltay

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Bakytzhan B. Aktailak ◽  
Tlegen S. Sadykov ◽  
Ganizhamal I. Kushenova ◽  
Kairat K. Battalov ◽  
Ainur P. Aliakbarova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Communist System ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Liberation Struggle

Hasan Oraltay is a Kazakh figure abroad, researcher of the national liberation movement, historian, publicist, author of works in Turkish, Kazakh, English, German and other languages, honorary professor of the International Kazakh-Turkish University. He devoted all his life to serving for the benefit of the Kazakh people. In the 20th century, the Kazakhs of East Turkestan waged a liberation struggle for their freedom and independence. Hasan Oraltay wrote a chronicle of the life of the Kazakhs, persecuted by the totalitarian communist system in their homeland and gained freedom in the West. His writings highlight the history of the Alash national intelligentsia and all the pressing problems of Kazakhstan. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that the article deals with the writer's and, as is known, the historical role of Hasan Oraltay, from the perspective that the Kazakhs of East Turkestan, picking a pen, declared the first swallow of the national liberation struggle to the world. Half a century ago, his first book was published in the Turkish city of Izmir “On the way to freedom. Kazakh Turks of East Turkestan”. Until the last period of his life, all works written and organised by him were devoted to urgent problems concerning the Kazakh people, for the Kazakh past and future. Radio Azattyk (RL/RFE) was the first to speak about the uprising of Kazakh youth against the Soviet system in December of 1986. Later, Hassan Oraltay published in the Western press various articles about the December events, collections and books, in which he assessed the protest mood in Soviet Kazakhstan. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that for 27 years of service in Azattyk, Hasan Oraltay constantly raised the urgent problems of Kazakhs in the Soviet Union. The study collected all information on the ideas of independence

Alfred Schnittke's Nagasaki: Soviet Nuclear Culture, Radio Moscow, and the Global Cold War

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-474
Author(s):  
Peter J. Schmelz
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
Voice Of America ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Nuclear Culture ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Changing Attitudes

This article examines Alfred Schnittke's final conservatory composition, the oratorio Nagasaki (1957–58, revised 1958–59). Both controversial and yet doctrinaire, Nagasaki proves an unexpectedly rich object of study owing to the unusual circumstances surrounding its dissemination. Its radio broadcasts during the 1960s both within the Soviet Union and abroad provide unique insights into Soviet perceptions of the bomb. The domestic broadcast suggests hitherto unexplored aspects of Cold War culture within the USSR, especially the changing attitudes, both official and unofficial, toward atomic weapons (what can be referred to as nuclear culture). The broadcast to Japan on Radio Moscow (Moskovskoye radio, a Soviet equivalent of the U.S. Voice of America, or VOA) indicates the view of nuclear weapons it promulgated abroad. Thanks to records of its 1960 Radio Moscow broadcast in Japan, Nagasaki provides an extraordinary opportunity to chart the use of music in Soviet international propaganda efforts via the airwaves. This article relies upon an unpublished copyist's score and the original, unreleased 1959 recording of Nagasaki, in addition to previously unknown archival documents. It also synthesizes, corrects, and supplements the existing accounts of the work, all of them in various ways incomplete or inaccurate.

scholarly journals History and Socio-Political Conditions of Preparation of the Polish Constitutions from 1919 to 1997

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Boris Kindyuk ◽  
Mykhailo Kelman ◽  
Vasyl Patlachuk ◽  
Olexander Patlachuk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Article Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Political Economic

The purpose of article deals with the study of history of preparation and the reasons for the adoption of the Polish Constitutions in the period from 1919 to 1997 years. Research methods: dialectical, chronological, comparative, system-structural. Main results. The article shows that the history of the preparation of the Polish Constitutions in the period from 1919 to 1997 years occurred under the conditions of constant changes of socio-political factors, which was reflected in the state system, political, economic and social relations, rights and freedoms of the population. It is proved that the history of Polish constitutionalism has evolved in a complex vector from the insignificant in volume and scientific level of the Little Constitution of 1919, which was adopted in conditions of armed confrontation with Soviet Russia, to the 1997 Constitution, which complies with European standards. The influence of the historical personality of Marshal Jozef Pilsudski was investigated, who became the sponsor of the rebirth of independent Poland on the history of the preparation and adoption of the Polish Constitutions of 1919, 1921 years and the Constitution of 1935 in which the President of the country was given dictatorial powers during the period of war. It is shown that the Constitution of 1952, which was written according to Soviet models and based on instructions received from Moscow, had to consolidate in Poland a socialist model in which the Polish United Workers Party had a leading role in society. It is shown that the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the elimination of the communist system in Poland, the rise to power of democratic forces, which resulted the adoption Constitution 1997. The peculiarity of the Constitutional process was the fact that for the first time in the history of Poland on 25th May 1997 a referendum was held regarding its adoption. The Constitution 1997 was adopted in the context of a transition from command-administrative to a democratic system of government, so its content is marked by a democratic nature that ensured the creation of private ownership of all means of production and free trade. The historical reasons of the drafting of the Polish Constitutions have undergone a complex dynamic, which is connected with political changes in the country, which is reflected in the content of the ideas, doctrinal views and Basic Laws. The practical significance of the study lies in the use of Polish historical experience in the development of event scenarios in Ukraine in order to prevent errors in modern state-making. Originality. A comprehensive study of the history of Polish constitutionalism, taking into account socio-political reasons. Article type: descriptive.

scholarly journals Changes in the Local Government System and Regional Policy in Poland

2016 ◽  
pp. 328-352
Author(s):  
Andrzej Klimczuk ◽  
Magdalena Klimczuk-Kochańska
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Division Of Powers ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Institutional Capacity Building ◽  
Second World ◽  
And Diffusion

This chapter presents the successive stages to make changes in the Polish development policy after 1989. The national administration reform of 1990 in the Third Commonwealth of Poland restored the local government after 40 years of non-existence during the time of Polish People's Republic (1944–1989) that was a satellite state of the Soviet Union after the Second World War. Another reform took place in 1998 as a part of preparations for the country's membership in the European Union (EU) from 2004. Currently developed strategic documents are suggesting the use of the “polarization and diffusion model of the development.” The authors also discuss the regional policy currently implemented in Poland, which was designed in years 2009–2014. The process of creation of new policy includes plans to reform the policy instruments and to update the strategic framework. Conclusions highlight a need for a clearer division of powers between the center and regional governments and the importance of strengthening the financial basis and institutional capacity building.

SELF-DIFFUSION IN BODY-CENTERED CUBIC ZIRCONIUM

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1146-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kidson ◽  
J. McGurn
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Diffusion Process ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Body Centered Cubic ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Self Diffusion ◽  
The Soviet Union

Self-diffusion coefficients of crystal-bar zirconium have been measured between 1500 °C and 1100 °C, using radioactive Zr95 as a tracer. The results may be represented by[Formula: see text]The pre-exponential factor is about three orders of magnitude smaller than that measured in most close-packed systems and the activation energy about one-half that anticipated from an empirical correlation with the melting point. The results, however, are similar to those of a few other recently studied body-centered cubic (BCC) systems, and agree quantitatively with work in the Soviet Union on zirconium. There is considerable evidence that the diffusion process occurs via vacant lattice sites.

scholarly journals Lenin-2020: history, legend, myth

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Viachaslau I. Menkouski
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Object Of Study

The historical politics of the Russian Federation at the present stage is analysed. The work applied the case studies methodology (i. e. study of individual cases, analysis of a single case). The object of study was the historiographic and sociopolitical situation associated with the 150th anniversary of V. I. Lenin. An analysis is given of modern Russian-language academic historiography, which examines the role of V. I. Lenin in Russian and world history. The formation and transformation of the Leninist image in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, the modern memorial culture are considered. Based on specific sociological surveys, the attitude of various social and power structures to the contradictory image of V. I. Lenin as a revolutionary, theorist and politician is shown.

scholarly journals Organization of social assistance to children in the years Great Patriotic War on the territory of the Saratov region (dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Great Victory…)

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
M. Y. Sushko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Regional Aspect ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Families With Children

The article is devoted to the study of social and historical aspects of the organization of policy for the protection and assistance of children in the period 19411945. The main focus is on the regional aspect. In the article, to achieve the goal of the study, namely, to assess the effectiveness and identify shortcomings in the organization of the work of local party authorities on the organization and placement of children, archival documents of the war years were used. Archival documents allowed us to recreate the historical picture of work in the rear, on the organization and placement of orphanages, providing material assistance to homeless and low-income families with children, the order of organizing and supplying children with food and industrial goods. The figures and data given in the article are of practical significance. They provide an opportunity to conduct a comparative analysis of the provision and organization of work of local authorities in other regions of the Volga region and the Soviet Union as a whole during the study period. In the year of the anniversary celebration of the victory In the great Patriotic war, there is an urgent need to expand and attract new documents from regional archives, for a more complete objective reconstruction of the heroic pages of our country's past, to assess the effectiveness of social work and the significance of specific social policy measures aimed at protecting children.

The Global Rise of Diaspora Institutions

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-52
Author(s):  
Alan Gamlen
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
State Building ◽  
First Century ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
And Diffusion

Chapter 2 provides a descriptive overview of the data. It defines the forms and functions of diaspora ministries, departments, extra-territorial voting provisions, and discretionary consular functions. The chapter charts the rise of these and other diaspora institutions over the course of the mid-twentieth century and into the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It identifies three phases in their spread: one associated with the acceleration of post-colonial nation-state building projects beginning in the wake of World War II and culminating in the disintegration of the Soviet Union; a second associated with the coalescence of the EU and similar regionalization schemes as templates for globalization from the mid-1990s; and a third phase characterized by the standardization and diffusion of ‘models’ and ‘best practices’ for engaging diasporas as part of global migration governance dynamics from the mid-2000s.

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