New Dispersible Carbon Blacks

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1006-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andries Voet
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Radical Reactions ◽  
Free Radical Reactions ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Binding Material ◽  
Particle Bonding ◽  
Dry Mixing ◽  
Black Particle

Abstract It has been shown that the process of pelletization of a carbon black carried out to permit easier transportation through bulk handling, leads to irreversible changes in properties. There are strong indications that the pelletization process of carbon black involves free radical reactions, leading to chemical particle bonding. The superior physical properties of vulcanizates reinforced with unpelletized blacks indicate that chemical particle bonding is undesirable, since it reduces interaction between carbon black particle and polymer. In order to overcome chemical bonding of carbon black particles during pelletizing, carbon blacks were prepared the particles of which were covered withat least a monolayer of an oleaginous material compatible with the polymer. It was found that the product obtained could be pelletized to form predominantly physically adhering particles. These carbon black compositions disintegrate spontaneously in solvents for the oleaginous liquids, in view of the dissolution of the pellet binding material. The new carbon black compositions are ideally suited for black solvent masterbatching. In addition, they also show improved physical properties upon dry mixing with polymers in conventional dispersing equipment. Finally, they provide for a simple, rapid and efficient way to incorporate processing oils into polymers in conventional mixing equipment.

Interaction between Carbon Black and Polymer in Cured Elastomers

1951 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-615
Author(s):  
R. S. Stearns ◽  
B. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Chemical Bonding ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Black Particle

Abstract This research was initiated to determine whether the interaction at the interface between the surface of finely divided solids, such as carbon black, and cured elastomers is primarily physical or chemical in nature. Further, it was desired to correlate some physical property of the reinforced stock with the surface properties of the solid pigment. Through an examination of the thermodynamic changes accompanying the deformation of loaded stocks it is shown that physical adsorption of the van der Waals type occurring at the interface between pigment and polymer is inadequate to account for the experimental observations. However, if chemical bonding occurs at the interface between polymer and pigment, then the entropy of deformation of the stock may be correlated with the extent of this bonding. By a calorimetric method it was demonstrated that the surface of a carbon black particle contains sites that react with bromine to liberate the same amount of heat as low molecular-weight olefins. It is, therefore, proposed that a carbon black particle be considered as a disordered agglomerate of polymeric benzenoid type molecules which contain around their perimeters various functional groups. The existence of olefinic-type unsaturation on the surface of carbon blacks suggests strongly that, in the case of carbon blacks, the polymer and pigment are combined chemically through pigment-sulfur-polymer bonds into a continuous three-dimensional cross-linked matrix.

Influence of Physical Properties of Carbon Black on Its Tinting Strength

1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-575
Author(s):  
E. P. W. Kearsley ◽  
G. L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Relative Thickness ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Complete Wetting ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Dispersing Medium

Abstract 1—Tinting strength is not an absolute function of particle. 2—No direct ratio exists between tinting strength and hiding power. 3—The thickness of the film of adsorbed gases on the carbon-black particles determines the tinting characteristics. 4—The volatile matter present and the oil-absorption properties serve as a measure of the relative thickness of such films. 5—The completeness with which these gases are displaced materially affects the tinting strength. 6—Complete displacement is only possible when the inter-facial tension produced by the dispersing medium at the surface of the carbon-black particle is sufficiently low to assure complete wetting.

Research on Electrical Double Percolation of Carbon Black-Filled Cement-Based Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Hong Zhong Ru ◽  
Ran Ran Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cement Paste ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Carbon Black Content ◽  
Percolation Behavior ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Double Percolation

Electrical conductive carbon black-filled cement-based composites are significant as multifunctional structural materials. Double percolation in carbon black-filled cement-based composites involves both carbon black particle percolation and cement paste percolation, which has great effect on the resistivity of composites. Based on double percolation theory, the influences of sand-binder ratio and carbon black volume fraction on the resistivity of carbon black-filled cement-based composites are investigated. The results show that besides carbon black volume fraction, sand-binder ratio is a key factor affecting double percolation behavior in carbon black-filled cement-based composites. At a fixed carbon black content in overall mortar, with increasing sand-binder ratio, the cement paste percolation though aggregate phase increases due to high obstruction of aggregate but the carbon black particle percolation in cement paste decreases. This is because that the microstructure of aggregate is impenetrable so that the carbon black particles are limited in cement paste, that is, the carbon black content in paste is compacted and large amount of conductive paths are generated by lapped adjacent carbon black particles in paste. The double percolation in the electrical conduction in carbon black-filled cement-based composites is observed when the carbon black volume fraction is 7.5% and sand-binder ratio is 1.4, and its resistivity is only 3200 Ωcm, so that a sand-binder ratio of 1.4 and 7.5% carbon black volume fraction or more are recommended for attaining high conductivity with a compromise between workability and conductivity.

Immobilization of Elastomers at the Carbon Black Particle Surface

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 973-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sircar ◽  
A. Voet
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Boiling Points ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Black Particle

Abstract Determinations have been made of the amount of elastomer unextractable from unvulcanized masticated mixes with carbon black by a given solvent at boil, expressed as immobilized elastomer. Saturated and unsaturated elastomers varying in molecular weights from 2000 to 325,000, were used, while solvents of greatly differing boiling points and solvent power were employed. It could be shown that the bonding between elastomers and carbon black is not a simple adsorption, but involves a higher energy interaction, defined as chemisorption. At successively higher temperatures elastomer is increasingly removed from the carbon black surface. The temperature Tm, obtained by extrapolation of the linear relationship between amounts immobilized and temperature of extraction, represents the temperature theoretically required to eliminate all bonds between carbon black and elastomer and is therefore indicative of the bond strength. Data suggest the existence of a bonding energy spectrum. Upon graphitization, blacks show a considerable decline in high energy bonding ability for elastomers. Saturated elastomers show less bonding than unsaturated elastomers with the same furnace black. “Bound rubber” represents the sum total of physically adsorbed, mechanically entangled, and chemisorbed elastomer. The actual values are greatly dependent upon the procedure used. “Immobilized rubber”, indicating chemisorbed elastomer, is easily determined, is not influenced by the method, and is more significant as an indicator of reinforcement.

scholarly journals Studies of Texaco Carbon Black Particle Surface by Polarography

1963 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-214,A16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro TAKASHIMA ◽  
Genzo HASHIZUME ◽  
Itaru MOTOOKA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Black Particle

Study on the Effects of Different Types of Carbon Black on the Performance of SBR2564S

2014 ◽  
Vol 971-973 ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
Nai Xiu Ding ◽  
Yi Jia ◽  
Pei Yan Zuo ◽  
Li Li Wang ◽  
Hai Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Black Particle

The curing characteristics,crosslinking density,compressive permanent deformation,the conventional mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties of SBR2564S filled with different carbon black were studied.The results indicated that with the increase in specific surface area of carbon black particles，Mooney viscosity of the resulting mixture increased while the scorch time decreased.As the carbon black particle size increases, tensile strength and tear strength of SBR2564S were reduced,rebound and compressive set were increased.The kinds of carbon black had little effect on the crosslinking density of vulcanized rubber of SBR2564S.It had poor performance on dynamic mechanical properties of the resulting mixture filled with small carbon black particle size.SBR2564S vulcanizates with good comprehensive properties was obtained when N330 was used.

Changes in Elastomers Due to Radiation from Cobalt

1955 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Gehman ◽  
L. M. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Radiation Resistance ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Radical Reactions ◽  
Free Radical Reactions ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Intense Radiation

Abstract A survey has been made of the effects of intense gamma radiation on the physical properties of elastomers and plastics. Such information is required to determine the types of elastomers which are most resistant to radiation, to estimate the service life of elastomers exposed to radiation, and to show favorable trends in compounding for radiation resistance. Intense radiation may affect the physical properties of elastomers benficially or adversely, depending on the type of elastomer and the exposure dose, although hardening and embrittlement are most commonly observed. The possibility is apparent of developing elastomer compounds with improved radiation resistance, especially by the use of chemical agents which affect free-radical reactions. The nature of the elastomer, however, will probably severely limit what can be accomplished by compounding.

The Effect of Carbon Black Parameters on the Fatigue Life of Filled Rubber Compounds

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Dizon ◽  
A. E. Hicks ◽  
V. E. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
As Stress

Abstract Fatigue is defined as decay caused by cyclic deformations at an amplitude less than necessary for fracture in one cycle. Such failures are initiated by flaws which act as stress concentrators. These flaws occur in the material either through mechanical or chemical action during service or through agglomeration of certain ingredients during mixing and fabrication. This paper deals with the latter process, where the nature and size of the flaws as well as the properties of the matrix are contingent on carbon black variables. Using the tearing energy concept of fatigue developed by Lake and Lindley, it was shown that the size of the flaw is primarily determined by carbon black particle size. On the other hand, the cut growth constant depends on carbon black structure. When translated to actual fatigue life using the Monsanto Fatigue-to-Failure Tester, these relationships mean that under constant strain conditions, compounds containing coarse carbons will have a significantly higher fatigue life than those with fine carbons. Under conditions of constant strain, higher structure carbons will impart a slight positive effect. However, under conditions of constant stress, the beneficial effects of structure become magnified. Other factors known to affect fatigue life were also considered. These are : set, stress relaxation, hysteretic energy dissipation, and flaw size distribution.

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