The Degradation of Main Chains and Crosslinks in the Aging of Vulcanizates

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 922-924
Author(s):  
L. I. Lyubchanskaya ◽  
A. S. Kuzminskiĭ
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Polymeric Chain ◽  
Oxidative Destruction ◽  
Dimensional Lattice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chemical Relaxation ◽  
Chemical Crosslinks ◽  
The Difference

Abstract In sulfur vulcanizates the energy of the bond between the atoms of sulfur in the crosslinks may differ essentially from the energy of the bonds in the main chains of the polymer since, as is known, the thermal decomposition of the polysulfide bonds may be brought about at considerably lower temperatures than the decomposition of the main chains. It was found by one of the present authors2 that the thermal decomposition of the sulfur bonds brings about an inhibition of the oxidation which develops in the chains of the polymer. Consequently we must not regard the destruction of the chains and the decomposition of crosslinks as independent processes. Nevertheless the difference in the rates of destruction and decomposition is so great that these processes may be separated. There are in the literature different views as to which elements in the structure of the vulcanizates the processes of aging extend to. Tobolsky asserts that the chemical relaxation of stress is caused by oxidative destruction of the polymeric chain of the vulcanizate independently of its structure. On the other hand Watson and coworkers consider that the decomposition of the lattice of the vulcanizate is the result of scission of chemical crosslinks. In the present investigation it was established that, depending upon the composition of the vulcanizate and the conditions of the experiment, the process of aging may involve both the chains of polymer and the crosslinks, forming a three-dimensional lattice of the vulcanizates.

On the infinite cluster of Bernoulli bond percolation in Scherk's graph

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 828-840
Author(s):  
Dayue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bond Percolation ◽  
Infinite Cluster ◽  
Dimensional Lattice ◽  
Supercritical Region ◽  
Other Hand

Scherk's graph is a subgraph of the three-dimensional lattice. It was shown by Markvorsen, McGuinness and Thomassen (1992) that Scherk's graph is transient. Consider the Bernoulli bond percolation in Scherk's graph. We prove that the infinite cluster is transient for p > ½ and is recurrent for p < ½. This implies the well-known result of Grimmett, Kesten and Zhang (1993) on the transience of the infinite cluster of the Bernoulli bond percolation in the three-dimensional lattice for p > ½. On the other hand, Scherk's graph exhibits a new dichotomy in the supercritical region.

On the infinite cluster of Bernoulli bond percolation in Scherk's graph

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-840
Author(s):  
Dayue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bond Percolation ◽  
Infinite Cluster ◽  
Dimensional Lattice ◽  
Supercritical Region ◽  
Other Hand

Scherk's graph is a subgraph of the three-dimensional lattice. It was shown by Markvorsen, McGuinness and Thomassen (1992) that Scherk's graph is transient. Consider the Bernoulli bond percolation in Scherk's graph. We prove that the infinite cluster is transient forp> ½ and is recurrent forp< ½. This implies the well-known result of Grimmett, Kesten and Zhang (1993) on the transience of the infinite cluster of the Bernoulli bond percolation in the three-dimensional lattice forp> ½. On the other hand, Scherk's graph exhibits a new dichotomy in the supercritical region.

scholarly journals Another Name for Liberty: Revelation, ‘Objectivity,’ and Intellectual Freedom in Barth and Marion

Open Theology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 430-450
Author(s):  
Kristóf Oltvai
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Intellectual Freedom ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Absolute Truth ◽  
Saturated Phenomenon ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Karl Barth’s and Jean-Luc Marion’s theories of revelation, though prominent and popular, are often criticized by both theologians and philosophers for effacing the human subject’s epistemic integrity. I argue here that, in fact, both Barth and Marion appeal to revelation in an attempt to respond to a tendency within philosophy to coerce thought. Philosophy, when it claims to be able to access a universal, absolute truth within history, degenerates into ideology. By making conceptually possible some ‚evental’ phenomena that always evade a priori epistemic conditions, Barth’s and Marion’s theories of revelation relativize all philosophical knowledge, rendering any ideological claim to absolute truth impossible. The difference between their two theories, then, lies in how they understand the relationship between philosophy and theology. For Barth, philosophy’s attempts to make itself absolute is a produce of sinful human vanity; its corrective is thus an authentic revealed theology, which Barth articulates in Christian, dogmatic terms. Marion, on the other hand, equipped with Heidegger’s critique of ontotheology, highlights one specific kind of philosophizing—metaphysics—as generative of ideology. To counter metaphysics, Marion draws heavily on Barth’s account of revelation but secularizes it, reinterpreting the ‚event’ as the saturated phenomenon. Revelation’s unpredictability is thus preserved within Marion’s philosophy, but is no longer restricted to the appearing of God. Both understandings of revelation achieve the same epistemological result, however. Reality can never be rendered transparent to thought; within history, all truth is provisional. A concept of revelation drawn originally from Christian theology thus, counterintuitively, is what secures philosophy’s right to challenge and critique the pre-given, a hermeneutic freedom I suggest is the meaning of sola scriptura.

Markedness and Perspective in the Interpretation of the Active and Passive Voice

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Klenbort ◽  
Moshe Anisfeld
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Pattern ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Logical Subject ◽  
The Difference

The subjects were presented with active and passive sentences. For each sentence, they had to choose between two alternative implications. The pattern of choices indicates that in the passive the logical subject was interpreted by the subjects as the focal point of the information asserted by the sentence and as the carrier of overall responsibility for the sentential proposition. In contrast to the passive, there was no clear pattern of preferences for the active. The difference between the two voices was attributed to their markedness asymmetry, the passive being marked and the active unmarked. It is concluded that the active offers a neutral structure for conveying information; a structure available for use when one does not want to superimpose on the information content any stylistic or connotational implications. The passive, on the other hand, suggests special connotations in addition to the basic message.

Chemical Stress Relaxation of NR Networks Prepared in the Swollen State

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Do Suh ◽  
Hidetoshi Oikawa ◽  
Kenkichi Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Chemical Stress ◽  
Network Chain ◽  
Crosslinking Process ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Chemical Relaxation ◽  
The Difference

Abstract From the experimental results of the present investigation, it is apparent that two kinds of networks which have a different three-dimensional network structure give quite different behavior of chemical stress relaxation, even if both networks have the same network chain density. The difference in three-dimensional network structure for the two kinds of rubber arises from the degree of entanglement, which changes with the concentration of the polymer chains prior to the crosslinking process. The direct cause of chemical relaxation is due to the scission of network chains by degradation, whereas the total relaxation is caused by the change of geometrical conformation of network chains. This then casts doubt on the basic concept of chemorheology which is represented by Equation 2.

Scenarios as Tools of the Scientific Imagination: The Case of Climate Projections

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-61
Author(s):  
Michael Poznic ◽  
Rafaela Hillerbrand
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Scientific Imagination

Climatologists have recently introduced a distinction between projections as scenario-based model results on the one hand and predictions on the other hand. The interpretation and usage of both terms is, however, not univocal. It is stated that the ambiguities of the interpretations may cause problems in the communication of climate science within the scientific community and to the public realm. This paper suggests an account of scenarios as props in games of make-belive. With this account, we explain the difference between projections that should be make-believed and other model results that should be believed.

Prevalence and Causal Factors of Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremity and Trunk among Japanese Pianists and Piano Students

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
Shinichi Furuya ◽  
Hidehiro Nakahara ◽  
Tomoko Aoki ◽  
Hiroshi Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) among Japanese female classical pianists of different age groups. The causal factors for PRMDs also were examined. A group of 203 senior pianists, including piano teachers and students with piano majors at high schools and colleges, were surveyed using questionnaires. Results showed that 77% of these pianists suffered from PRMDs in at least one of their body portions. This value was larger than those reported in Western countries. Forty-four percent of these were serious enough to warrant medical treatment, which was a lower rate than reported in Western countries. The difference in these numbers may reflect the current state of understanding of PRMDs among Japanese pianists and their educators. The prevalence of PRMDs was found to be age-dependent. In the student groups, the finger/hand had the highest rate of PRMDs, followed by the forearm and shoulder. The senior group, on the other hand, had the highest PRMD incidence at the neck/trunk, followed by the forearm and hand/finger. Care may need to be exercised for these differences. The results also indicated that prolonged daily practice (>4 hours), playing chords forcefully, eagerness about practice, and nervous traits were found to contribute to the development of PRMDs in these pianists. Hand size was, on the other hand, not a significant risk factor of PRMDs.

Distinction between Dolus and Culpa with reference to Arson in Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haman ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than

The difference between intent (dolus) and negligence (culpa) was rarely emphasized in codified medieval laws and regulations. When compared to the legal statements related to intent, negligence was mentioned even more rarely. However, there are some laws that distinguished between the two concepts in terms of some specific crimes, such as arson. This paper draws attention to three medieval Slavic legal documents – the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem (ZSLJ), the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj. They are compared with reference to regulations regarding arson, with the focus being on arson as a crime committed intentionally or out of negligence. The ZSLJ as the oldest known Slavic law in the world shows some similarities with other medieval Slavic legal codes, especially in the field of criminal law, since most of the ZSLJ’s articles are related to criminal law. On the other hand, the Vinodol Law is the oldest preserved Croatian law and it is among the oldest Slavic codes in the world. It was written in 1288 in the Croatian Glagolitic script and in the Croatian Chakavian dialect. The third document – the Statute of Senj – regulated legal matters in the Croatian littoral town of Senj. It was written in 1388 – exactly a century after the Vinodol Law was proclaimed. When comparing the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj with the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, there are clear differences and similarities, particularly in the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal offenses, the act of arson is important for making a distinction between intent and negligence. While the ZSLJ regulates different levels of guilt, the Vinodol Law makes no difference between dolus and culpa. On the other hand, the Statute of Senj strictly refers to negligence as a punishable crime. Even though the ZSLJ is almost half a millennium older than the Statute of Senj and around 400 years older than the Vinodol Law, this paper proves that the ZSLJ defines the guilt and the punishment for arson much better than the other two laws.

Reading Identity, Reading Essence: A Strategic Essentialist Approach to Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Saleha Ilhaam
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Strategic Essentialism ◽  
Reading Identity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Self

The term strategic essentialism, coined by Spivak, is generally understood as “a political strategy whereby differences (within Group) are temporarily downplayed, and unity assumed for the sake of achieving political goals.” On the other hand, essentialism focuses that everything in this world has an intrinsic and immutable essence of its own. The adaption of a particular “nature” of one group of people by way of sexism, culturalization, and ethnification is strongly linked to the idea of essentialism. Mulk Raj Anand’s Bakha is dictated as an outcast by the institutionalized hierarchy of caste practice. He is essentialized as an untouchable by attributing to him the characteristic of dirt and filth. However, unlike other untouchables, Bakha can apprehend the difference between the cultured and uncultured, dirt and cleanliness. Via an analysis of Anand’s “Untouchable,” the present article aims to bring to the forefront the horrid destruction of the individual self that stems from misrepresentations of personality. Through strategic essentialism, it unravels Bakha’s contrasting nature as opposed to his pariah class, defied by his remarkable inner character and etiquette. The term condemns the essentialist categories of human existence. It has been applied to decontextualize and deconstruct the inaccurately essentialized identity of Bakha, which has made him a part of the group he does not actually belong to.

A Liberating Experience. On Becoming a Work of Art

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-430
Author(s):  
Maja Tabea Jerrentrup
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Film Clips ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Body Painting ◽  
Dimensional Surface

Abstract The art of bodypainting that is fairly unknown to a wider public turns the body into a canvas - it is a frequently used phrase in the field of bodypainting that illustrates the challenge it faces: it uses a three-dimensional surface and has to cope with its irregularities, but also with the model’s abilities and characteristics. This paper looks at individuals who are turned into art by bodypainting. Although body painting can be very challenging for them - they have to expose their bodies and to stand still for a long time while getting transformed - models report that they enjoy both the process and the result, even if they are not confident about their own bodies. Among the reasons there are physical aspects like the sensual enjoyment, but also the feeling of being part of something artistic. This is enhanced and preserved through double staging - becoming a threedimentional work of art and then being staged for photography or film clips. This process gives the model the chance to experience their own body in a detached way. On the one hand, bodypainting closely relates to the body and on the other hand, it can help to over-come the body.

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