Brass-Plating

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 930-932
Author(s):  
W. A. Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Plating Bath ◽  
Pure Zinc ◽  
Total Metal Content ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Brass Plating

Abstract Although brass-plating is the best known method of attaching rubber to iron or steel, it is still regarded in many quarters as something of an art or mystery, with a considerable element of uncertainty entering into the process. The brass-plating bath consists essentially of copper and zinc cyanides dissolved in sodium or potassium cyanide, with a total metal content of about 3 ounces per gallon. The composition of the alloy deposited varies with the ratio of copper to zinc in the bath, the pH, the temperature, the current density, and the amount of certain other substances, such as ammonia. Most writers on the subject have endeavored to eliminate the uncertainty by a rigorous specification of the formula of the plating bath, and the conditions under which it is to be used. In his experience, however, the composition of a plating bath can vary widely, and still give plating satisfactory for adhesion. The composition of plate deposited depends on a balance of several factors, and in most published formulas, one or more of these factors is omitted. For example, the pH is often not specified and yet it is possible to deposit a range of brasses from pure copper to pure zinc merely by the change in pH, in any particular bath.

Effect of Bath Formulation and Plating Current Density on Electrodeposited Zinc Anode’s Capacity in Zinc-Air Cell

2012 ◽  
Vol 576 ◽  
pp. 484-487
Author(s):  
Raihan Othman ◽  
Farouq Ahmat ◽  
Muhd Amlie Ibrahim ◽  
Assayidatul Laila Nor Hairin ◽  
Hanafi Ani Mohd
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Electrolytic Bath ◽  
Plating Bath ◽  
Zinc Anode ◽  
Discharge Performance ◽  
Cell Discharge

Zinc anode is electrodeposited from a 2-M zinc chloride electrolytic bath with varying ammonium chloride supporting electrolyte concentrations (0-5 M) and plating current density (0.1 – 0.6 A cm-2). The total charge quantity supplied during electrodeposition is fixed at 150 mAh. Alkaline zinc-air cell is fabricated using the electrodeposited zinc anode and characterized according to its discharge capacity at constant load current of 20 mA. The effect of various qualities of zinc electrodeposits on the cell discharge performance is discussed. It is found that zinc electrodeposits prepared from electrolytic bath of 5-M ammonium chloride and 0.5 A cm-2 plating current density produced zinc-air cell with the highest output energy i.e. 24 mWh. We observe that the influence of plating current density is more prominent than the plating bath formulation on the zinc anode performance in the cell.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical Investigations in the Amide Group

1906 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Fawsitt
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Amide Group ◽  
Chemical Dynamics ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Subject

Some time ago, while studying the chemical dynamics of the changes which occur in solutions of urea or carbamide, I came upon some rather unexpected results which led me to hope that investigations conducted on somewhat the same lines with other substances of the amide group might prove to yield results of some interest. The amides referred to are those derived from carboxylic acids. While proceeding to this investigation I noticed some measurements, obtained in connection with the viscosity of aqueous solutions of carbamide, which appeared of sufficient interest to demand an inquiry into the nature of solutions of this class of substances before proceeding further with the subject of inquiry in the manner at first intended.

scholarly journals Morphology and Hardness of Electrochemically-Codeposited Ti-Dispersed Ni-Matrix Composite Coatings/ Morfologia I Twardość Elektrochemicznie Współosadzonych Powłok Kompozytowych Ni-Ti

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1287-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Srikomol ◽  
P. Janetaisong ◽  
Y. Boonyongmaneerat ◽  
R. Techapiesancharoenkij
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Composite ◽  
Current Density ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Particle Loading ◽  
Plating Bath ◽  
Matrix Deformation ◽  
Ti Particles

Abstract The effects of current density and Ti particle loading in a plating bath on the morphology and hardness of Ni-Ti composite coatings via an electrochemical-codeposition process were investigated. The Ti-reinforced Ni-matrix composite coatings were codeposited on copper substrates using a Ni-ion electrolytic solution stably suspended with -45 micron Ti particles. Within the current studied range, the coatings’ Ti contents are in the range between 46 and 62 at.%. The morphology appeared to vary with current density. Structures of the Ni-Ti composite coatings produced under low current density conditions revealed denser structures, which is in contrast to the more porous structures noted in the coatings produced under high current density. An initial increase of current density from 100 to 150 mA/cm2 also tends to raise Ti coating content. The reinforcement of Ti particles in the coatings also increased their hardness, which is attributed to the possible role of the embedded Ti particles in hindering matrix deformation. The effect of Ti loading on the coating’s Ti contents was not significant under conditions used in the present study

The Influence of Current Density of Electrodeposition on the Electrochemical Properties of Ni-Mo Alloy Coatings

2015 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Popczyk ◽  
B. Łosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Sodium Molybdate ◽  
Nickel Chloride ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Nickel Plating ◽  
Plating Bath ◽  
Eis Measurements ◽  
Deposition Current Density

The Ni-Mo alloy coatings with a high content of Mo up to 44.5 at.%, were prepared by galvanostatic electrodeposition in the range of deposition current density, jdep, from-30 to-240 mA cm-2 from the nickel plating bath containing potassium pyrophosphate, nickel chloride, sodium molybdate, and sodium bicarbonate. Investigations of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were carried out in 5 M KOH solution at room temperature using steady-state polarization and electrochemical impedancy spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. It was found that for the Ni-Mo alloy coatings, the increase in their catalytic properties towards the HER with the increase in the value of jdep of the coatings, was due to the intrinsic activity.

III. Experimental researches in electricity. ─Twenty-fifth series

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 29-84 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Central Line ◽  
General View ◽  
Axial Line ◽  
Electric Induction ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
As If

2797. The remarkable results given in a former series of these researches (2757. &c.) respecting the powerful tendency of certain gaseous substances to proceed either to or from the central line of magnetic force, according to their relation to other substances present at the same time, and yet the absence of all condensation or expansion of these bodies (2756.) which might be supposed to be consequent on such an amount of attractive or repulsive force as would be thought needful to produce this tendency and determination to particular places, have, upon consideration, led me to the idea, that if bodies possess different degrees of conducting power for magnetism, that difference may account for all the phenomena; and, further, that if such an idea be considered, it may assist in developing the nature of magnetic force. I shall therefore venture to think and speak freely on this matter for a while, for the purpose of drawing others into a consideration of the subject; though I run the risk, in doing so, of falling into error through imperfect experiments and reasoning. As yet, however, I only state the case hypothetically, and use the phrase conducting power as a general expression of the capability which bodies may possess of affecting the transmission of magnetic force; implying nothing as to how the process of conduction is carried on. Thus limited in sense, the phrase may be very useful, enabling us to take, for a time, a connected, consistent and general view of a large class of phenomena; may serve as a standard of meaning amongst them, and yet need not necessarily involve any error, inasmuch as whatever may be the principles and condition of conduction, the phenomena dependent on it must consist among themselves. 2798. If a medium having a certain conducting power occupy the magnetic field, and then a portion of another medium or substance be placed in the field having a greater conducting power, the latter will tend to draw up towards the place of greatest force, displacing the former. Such at least is the case with bodies that are freely magnetic, as iron, nickel, cobalt and their combinations (2357. 2363. 2367. &c.), and such a result is in analogy with the phenomena produced by electric induction. If a portion of still higher conducting power be brought into play, it will approach the axial line and displace that which had just gone there; so that a body having a certain amount of conducting power, will appear as if attracted in a medium of weaker power, and as if repelled in a medium of stronger power by this differential kind of action (2367. 2414.).

scholarly journals The Spermicidal Powers of Chemical Contraceptives: II. Pure Substances

1931 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Prussic Acid ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Reduce Surface Tension ◽  
Pure Substances ◽  
The Ideal

1. A technique for comparing the spermicidal powers of pure substances is described in detail. It is hoped that this may be accepted as the standard technique for the purpose.2. The killing concentration of each substance is determined by this technique. The killing concentration is defined as the lowest concentration, in the series 2, 1, ½, ¼ per cent., etc., which suffices to kill every guinea-pig sperm suspended in glucose-saline solution in half an hour at the temperature of the body in four consecutive experiments, the majority of the control sperms being moderately or very active.3. 36 substances have been graded by this technique.4. Mercuric chloride and formaldehyde were found to be the most spermicidal substances. The killing concentration of each per cent.5. Hexyl resorcin kills at per cent., soaps at per cent.6. Formaldehyde and hexyl resorcin, among other substances, seem likely to be useful as contraceptives.7. The significance of the high spermicidal power of soaps is discussed.8. Quinine bisulphate and chinosol, which are perhaps more commonly used as contraceptives than any other substances, only kill at ½ per cent.9. Certain very poisonous substances have very slight spermicidal powers. This applies to potassium cyanide, prussic acid and strychnine hydrochloride.10. Foaming mixtures, consisting of acids and sodium bicarbonate, could probably be used alone as contraceptives.11. The acrosome is the part of the sperm most vulnerable to spermicides. It tends to swell up and burst.12. Sperms are very susceptible to changes in osmotic pressure.13. It is the hydrogen ions and not the anions of acids that kill sperms.14. The suggestion that tribasic acids would be found to be more spermicidal than dibasic, and dibasic than monobasic, is not substantiated.15. Substances which reduce surface tension are often effective spermicides.16. The characters of the ideal chemical contraceptive are discussed.17. The need for co-operation in research in chemical contraception is stressed.

Phosphorus sorption and chemical characteristics of lightweight aggregates (LWA)-potential filter media in treatment wetlands

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Zhu ◽  
P. D. Jenssen ◽  
T. Mæhlum ◽  
T. Krogstad
Keyword(s):  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Total Metal Content ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Sorption Capacity ◽  
Total Metal

Five light-weight aggregates (LWAs), suitable for filter media in subsurface flow constructed wetlands, were tested for potential removal of phosphorus (P). P-sorption variation is dependent on the chemical characteristics of the LWA. All LWAs exhibited high pH and high total metal content; however, P-sorption capacity varied by two orders of magnitude. Of the LWAs' chemical characteristics (total metal content, cation exchange capacity, and oxalate soluble Fe and Al), total metal content has the closest relationship with the P-sorption capacity. Among the four major metal ions (Mg, Ca, Fe and Al), Ca has the strongest correlation with the P-sorption capacity.

Evaluation of silicon influence on the mitigation of cadmium-stress in the development of Arabidopsis thaliana through total metal content, proteomic and enzymatic approaches

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiane M.T. Carneiro ◽  
Katherine Chacón-Madrid ◽  
Rodrigo M. Galazzi ◽  
Bruna K. Campos ◽  
Sandra C.C. Arruda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
Total Metal Content ◽  
Total Metal

scholarly journals IX. On some hitherto undescribed optical properties of doubly refracting crystals.—Preliminary notice

1878 ◽  
Vol 26 (179-184) ◽  
pp. 384-386 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
The Body ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Microscopical Society ◽  
Royal Microscopical Society

In the Proceedings of the Royal Society (vol. xxiv. p. 393) Dr Royston-Pigott described a new refractometer to determine the index of refraction of liquids and other substances by means of the displacement of the focal point of an object seen through them with a low magnifying-power. Another paper on the subject was communicated by him to the Royal Microscopical Society, and subsequently published its Journal. After the reading of this paper I said that it appeared me probable that the same principle might be applied with advantage the determination of the index of refraction of minerals. The chief question was how to make the requisite measurements by means of such a addition to an ordinary microscope as would not in any way interfere with its general use for other purposes. This I accomplished by fixing graduated scale to the body of the microscope and a vernier to the supporting arm, so that the position of the focal point can be read off to within about 1/2000 of an inch. I described this arrangement and pointed out its value in connexion with mineralogy at a meeting of the Mineralogical Society last March, and an account of it was published in the Journal of the Society. I have since learned that a very similar addition was made to a microscope in Professor Clifton’s laboratory at Oxford some eight years ago, and used for the measurement of the index of refraction of glass, but no account of it was ever published. When I came to study the index of refraction of doubly refracting minerals I was very soon struck with the fact that, instead of seeing at one focus the two systems of lines at right angles to each other, they were sometimes quite invisible, or one set was seen at one focus, and the whether at a very different, as though they had been ruled on the two opposite sides of a piece of glass. These curious phenomena were exhibited at the soirée of the Royal Society on the 25th of April last, and Processor Stokes immediately examined the question theoretically, and found that they could be explained by, and might have been predicted from, the known laws of double refraction, though apparently no one had ever studied them, either theoretically or practically. We therefore decided to investigate the problem independently. I was to make the practical observations, and he to give the theoretical explanations, the results being kept separate, but communicated conjointly to the Royal Society.

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