The Second Mile

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-745
Author(s):  
L. B. Sebrell
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Probable Structure ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Abstract The title “The Second Mile” was inspired by an address given by W. E. Wickenden, of the Case School of Applied Science, on an entirely different subject. Since this title seemed to suit the synthetic rubber situation as it now exists, Wickenden's permission was secured to use the title in connection with this lecture. In its broader aspects, the paper purports to cover the present status of the synthetic rubber situation. Natural rubber will be compared with the copolymers made from butadiene and styrene, butadiene and acrylonitrile, and the copolymers generally known as Butyl rubber. These three materials were chosen for the comparative study because they are the materials which the Government proposes to use in the largest quantities to alleviate the present shortage of rubber. It is hoped that the data will give a fairly accurate picture of the comparative or relative values of these synthetic rubbers and natural rubber. There will be no discussion of the methods of manufacture, which are still more or less secret. It is proposed also to go into the probable structure of these polymers and to indicate some trends of research which might profitably be followed to improve them.

scholarly journals Retrospective Voting and the Polarization of Available Alternatives

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Stiers ◽  
Ruth Dassonneville
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Performance Evaluations ◽  
Retrospective Voting ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Ideological Polarization ◽  
Clarity Of Responsibility ◽  
Ideological Differences ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Comparative Study

AbstractGovernment cohesiveness is known to moderate retrospective voting. While previous work on this topic has focused on characteristics of the government, we build on the literature on clarity of responsibility and the literature on valence to argue that the extent to which government and opposition are ideologically distinct also moderates retrospective voting. Two alternative expectations follow from these two theoretical perspectives. While the clarity of responsibility framework leads to the expectation that a larger difference between government and opposition will strengthen retrospective voting, the valence literature presumes that retrospective voting is stronger when ideological differences are small. Using the data of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) project, we find evidence that is in line with the clarity of responsibility framework: the higher the degree of ideological polarization between government and opposition, the larger the effect of retrospective performance evaluations on the vote.

The Domestic Politics of European Union Presidencies: The Case of Sweden

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Magnus Johansson ◽  
Fredrik Langdal ◽  
Göran von Sydow
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Comparative Examination

AbstractThis article aims to start filling a gap in contemporary research on the rotating EU presidencies. In particular, the article pays attention to the role played by domestic factors in the development and fate of EU presidencies. What is the level of conflict between the government and the opposition during EU presidencies? This question is central for us and we address it through an in-depth analysis of one single case, Sweden, through a comparative examination of the role that domestic politics played in the Swedish EU presidencies of 2001 and 2009. In conjunction with our four main explanations for the varying degrees of political conflict during EU presidencies we present four hypotheses that could be advanced in the comparative study of EU presidencies.

Processing Characteristics of Synthetic Tire Rubber

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
B. S. Garvey ◽  
M. H. Whitlock ◽  
J. A. Freese
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Full Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Processing Properties ◽  
Made In

Abstract The processing characteristics of synthetic tire rubber, such as is being made in the government program, are sufficiently different from those of natural rubber to require different laboratory and factory treatment. Since the laboratory tests used for the evaluation of processing characteristics were developed for natural rubber, it is not surprising that they are not so satisfactory for synthetic rubber. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the characteristics of synthetic tire rubber, and to describe certain tests which have been found useful for evaluating different types of synthetic rubber or different compounds of the same synthetic rubber. In the course of the development, it has been necessary to evaluate rubbers with a wide variety of processing properties. As production has increased, there has been less variation in the output from any one plant. As the newer and larger plants come into full production, we can expect greater uniformity from each plant and between different plants. We can also look forward to gradual improvements in processing characteristics. This development will be ensured by adequate laboratory methods for evaluating processing properties. This discussion is based in part on variations encountered in development work and in part on the properties of the present production from one plant.

scholarly journals Mechanical and morphology characteristics of natural rubber-styrene butadiene rubber (NR-SBR) blends in the presence of natural microbentonite

2021 ◽  
Vol 912 (1) ◽  
pp. 012072
Author(s):  
B Wirjosentono ◽  
A H Siregar ◽  
D A Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Morphology Characteristics ◽  
Xylene Solution

Abstract Natural rubber (NR) has been the world renewable natural elastomer produced mainly in South East Asia from the sap of rubber tree (hevea brasiliensis). However it only exported to manufacturing countries for production of various engineering and specialty rubber products. Blending of the natural rubber with synthetic rubber such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is a mean to improve engineering specification of the NR, especially due to exposure of mineral oils during its service life. Whereas natural microbentonite functions not only as filler but also as coagulant breaker in both SIR-10 and SBR matrices, which improves miscibility of the blends. In this work blending of Indonesian natural rubber (NR: SIR-10) with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) were carried out in reflux reactor in xylene solution in the presence of various loading of natural microbentonite as fillers. Miscibility of the blends were measured from their mechanical properties as well as morphology of their fracture surfaces using electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that optimum loading of microbentonite in the NR/SBR (weight ratio: 50/50) blend was 3 per hundred rubber (phr), which showed good adhesion of the rubber matrices onto the filler surface and without any agglomeration.

A comparison of the abilities of natural rubber (NR) and synthetic polyisoprene cis-1,4 rubber (IR) to crystallize under strain at high strain rates

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 3472-3481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Candau ◽  
Laurent Chazeau ◽  
Jean-Marc Chenal ◽  
Catherine Gauthier ◽  
Etienne Munch
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
High Strain Rates ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
First Time ◽  
Induced Crystallization

In situ WAXS experiments combined with a thermodynamic approach allowed for the first time a comparative study of strain induced crystallization of natural and synthetic rubber at high strain rates.

Knowledge Management of Net Requirements in Using Natural Rubber in Thai Rubber Industry to Support the Increase in Using Natural Rubber within Thailand

2016 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Pran Hanthanon ◽  
Thiti Kaisone ◽  
Chanon Wiphanurat ◽  
Tarinee Nampitch
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
C Nmr

A blend of natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was tested against conventional rubber products sold in department stores and markets, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure the amount of natural or synthetic rubber in the product. 1H-NMR spectroscopy was employed for the rubber blend and 13C-NMR spectroscopy for conventional products. The chemical shift of all the samples from the structure of natural rubber (cis-1,4 polyisoprene) was observed.

Measurement of Refractive Index of Elastomers

1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Arnold ◽  
Irving Madorsky ◽  
Lawrence A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Incandescent Light ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Second Order Transition ◽  
The Government

Abstract The measurement of the refractive index of elastomers is discussed, with particular reference to GR-S rubber and the use of an Abbé type of refractometer. Detailed descriptions of the apparatus used and the procedure for GR-S rubber are given. Common sources of error are discussed and methods of minimizing these errors are given. A detailed stady has been made of the precision obtainable with GR-S polymers using the Abbé type of refractometer with an incandescent light source. It was found that the standard deviation corresponding to variability of a single random determination was 0.00007. The method has been used for several years as the basis for the determination of bound styrene in copolymers of butadiene and styrene, and is currently employed for control purposes in the government-owned synthetic rubber plants. It has also been used for determining the percentage of rubber hydrocarbon in natural rubber and for locating second-order transition temperatures.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document