The Use of Synthetic Rubber in the Automotive Industry from the Viewpoint of the Rubber Technologist

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-220
Author(s):  
J. N. Street ◽  
H. L. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Service Conditions ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Economic Price

Abstract The primary interest of the automotive and of the rubber industry in so-called synthetic rubbers is to obtain products which will stand up under service conditions in which present rubber compounds either do not perform satisfactorily over their entire expected life, or are approaching their limit; or because of these factors, are limiting automotive engineering development. In addition, the last few months have seen a trend of thinking toward a nationalistic program of at least partial self-sufficiency, in case of emergency, or a possibility of the limitation of the poundages of crude rubber available to us at an economic price. The subject “The Use of Synthetic Rubber in the Automotive Industry” is consequently being considered in the light of both viewpoints. Activity in the field of synthetic rubbers as far as laboratories in this country are concerned has increased considerably over the last three years, and it is quite likely that the data and viewpoints herein presented on present polymers may very well be obsolete within a matter of months, and certainly within a year or two, with the appearance of new polymers and modifications of present ones. The object of this paper is consequently to summarize the present state of affairs regarding materials now available. The literature on synthetic rubbers is abundant as to the preparation of the various kinds and varieties, their compounding, and the characteristics of fabricated products. A very excellent and interesting summary is that by Wood. From a general viewpoint, the article entitled “Synthetic Rubber” in the August issue of Fortune is very much to the point. The characteristics of Neoprene are well known. Those of the butadiene types have been described in several articles by Stöcklin and by Koch. Similarly other products have been described. Anderson and Garner and Westhead have given some comparative data on Neoprene and Buna types. In view of these articles, the present paper appears superfluous. It has been pointed out by Wood, however, that it would be desirable to have additional confirming data on a comparable basis on the materials now available. It has been with the hope of supplying such data, at least in part, and particularly as applied to usage of synthetic rubbers in the automotive field, that the authors continued with the preparation of this paper.

Goodyear Medalist Lecture. Goodyear Medalist Lecture Towards Understanding of the Rheology of Rubber Compounds and their Processing

2009 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. White
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Usa

Abstract The problems of the rheological properties of rubber compounds and the understanding of the processing operations that are used to produce rubber products have received relatively little study in the literature compared to thermoplastics. This seems in part due to an almost 200 year old tradition of industrial secrecy and the vertically integrated nature of the synthetic rubber producer — tire manufacturer combines in the USA. Thus while abundant information has always been available from thermoplastics suppliers on processing technology, little has been available on rubber. Because I began my professional career in the rubber industry and became from an early age concerned with its technical problems, I have not been swayed to the same extent by the thermoplastics dominated technical literature as others in the polymer community.

Tack in Rubber

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1178-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. K. F. Bussemaker
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The expressions tack, tackiness, and stickiness have been in use since the beginning of the rubber industry. During the years their meaning has changed considerably. The first occasion where tackiness was mentioned was in the case of crude natural rubber. The surface of the rubber became tacky or sticky during storage. This phenomenon has been thoroughly discussed in the literature. As a general conclusion it was accepted that both oxidation and depolymerisation occurred. Three factors were reported to be the cause of these processes: light, traces of copper, and manganese. From our point of view we would call this effect stickiness, as we are only interested in the building tack of rubber. In the period when the only rubber was natural rubber and high loadings of highly active fillers were not generally used in compounds, building tack was no problem. Building tack was first mentioned in a publication by Griffith and Jones in 1928. They started their experiments by measuring tack in their search for methods to prevent cotton liners from sticking to unvulcanized rubber. One would have expected much work on the measurement and improvement of tack in Germany and Russia during the development of synthetic rubbers. However, this only proved to be the case in Russia. The first publication available was the translation of an article by Voyutskii and Margolina in 1957. From Voyutskii's work we were able to trace the first article in 1935 by Zhukov and Talmud, who studied the adhesive power of synthetic rubber. In the USA the first theoretical approach to the subject was by Josefowitz and Mark in 1942, who at that time did not realize the difference between stickiness and tack. This difference became clear when lack of tack became the big problem in the use of synthetic rubber. In many cases it was found that addition of resins and softeners gave a very sticky compound which had no building tack at all. The tack problem was first discussed at the ASTM symposium on the application of synthetic rubbers in 1944 by Juve who gave a definition of building tack. From that time, the problem has been studied regularly, especially from the practical side, to find ways and means to improve the building tack of synthetic rubbers.

INFLUENCE OF EPOXIDIZED EXTENDER OIL PROPERTIES ON RUBBER PERFORMANCES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Olga Govedarica ◽  
Predrag Kojić ◽  
Oskar Bera ◽  
Mirjana Jovičić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Batch Mixer ◽  
Processing Aids

The rubber compounds are obtained by blending natural or synthetic rubber, reinforcing fillers, rubber extender oil and other additives. Choosing the best components for rubber compounding are essential in rubber industry. The main function of rubber process oil (extender oil) is to reduce viscosity and improve mobility of the rubber chains and thus enable better processing and dispersion of the filler particles. Mineral oils, particularly aromatic ones, were widely used as extender oil in rubber industry, however, due to their influence on environment and the toxicity, there is a demand for their replacement in rubber compounds. One of the environmentally friendly extender oils with possible use in the compounding process as processing aids are epoxidized vegetable oils. In this study, influence of the epoxidizes soybean oil as extender oil on the properties of compound based on natural rubber was investigated. Characteristics of epoxidizes soybean oil as extender oil was experimentally measured or calculated. The experiments were performed on a laboratory internal batch mixer, at the constant temperature of 90°C and a rotor speed of 60 rpm. The hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100 and 300% elongation, and rheological properties of rubber compounds were determined. Power consumption during rubber compounding mixing phase was calculated on the basis of experimentally measured voltage and amperage.

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY DICTIONARY: “HALMOVYI” (“BRAKE”) OR “HALMIVNYI” (“BRAKING”)

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-20
Author(s):  
Valentyn Merzhyievskyi ◽  
Yuliya Ponomarova
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Motor Transport ◽  
Subject Line ◽  
The Subject

In order to improve the national terminology in the industry and simultaneously to coordinate it with international terms, we propose to the Ukrainian motor transport community to take part in compilation of specialized translation dictionary. The magazine «Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrainy», as indicated in the No 1 (253) 2018, have opened a new section, «Automotive Industry Dictionary», intended to publish our draft definitions of the most controversial terms in Ukrainian, with comments on their formation and scope and corresponding terms in other languages. Please, send your remarks and ideas by email indicating «Automotive Industry Dictionary» in the subject line to: [email protected].

Wolfgang and Petra Lubitz, eds., Trotsky Bibliography: An International Classified List of Publications about Leon Trotsky and Trotskyism 1905–1998. Third completely revised and enlarged edition. Vols. 1–2. Munich: K. G. Saur, 1999. 840 pp. DM 368 cloth.

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 232-233
Author(s):  
Gerd Callesen
Keyword(s):  
The Subject ◽  
Leon Trotsky ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Value ◽  
Broad Approach

This bibliography is quite an impressive effort. It is extensive, thorough, structurally sound, and contains excellent indexes. In short, it is a truly useful tool for anyone who, for scholarly or political reasons, takes an interest in Trotsky and Trotskyism. Of course, the definition of Trotskyism is somewhat blurred; too many people have used the concept subjectively, either with positive or negative connotations, for it to signify anything unambiguous. The Lubitzes have done their utmost to remedy this state of affairs by disregarding sectarian restraints and by choosing a broad approach to the subject; they have even gone to the extreme of including some anti-Trotskyist effusions of no real scholarly or current political value.

The Cycle of Agathias: New Identifications Scrutinised

1969 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. McCail
Keyword(s):  
Recent Article ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Dead Man ◽  
Published Account

The Cycle of sixth-century epigrams edited by Agathias Scholasticus is the subject of a recent article by Mr and Mrs A. Cameron (JHS lxxxvi [1966] 6 ff.), who argue cogently that it was published in the early years of Justin II, and not the later years of Justinian, as has hitherto been supposed. Ca. also suggest identifications for many of the poets and imperial officials who figure in the Cycle. They do not, however, exhaust all the identifications that can be made, and some of those suggested by them require amplification or correction. Furthermore, Ca.'s view of the dating of the Cycle leads them, it seems to me, to underestimate its Justinianic character. The following observations are offered without prejudice to the merit of Ca.'s article as a whole.Among the Cyclic poets, only Julian the ex-Prefect of the East stands in close relationship to the political life of the age. His involvement in the Nika insurrection of 532 is attested by historical sources and, as Ca. claim (13), by two epigrams of the Anthology. The latter, however, contain difficulties passed over by Ca. In the first place, of the two epigrams on the cenotaph of Hypatius, only AP vii 591 is certainly from Julian's pen; vii 592 is unattributed in the Palatine MS., a fact which Ca. omit to mention. (It is absent from the Planudean MS.) The state of affairs in P is no accident, vii 591, though eulogising the dead man and alluding openly to the casting of his corpse into the sea, is moderate in tone, and would have caused no more offence to Justinian than Procopius's published account of the affair.

Selection and Use of Age Resistors in Rubber Compounds

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-687
Author(s):  
Richard A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Organic Bases ◽  
Rapid Deterioration ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Abstract THE early development of the rubber industry was handicapped by two serious defects in rubber articles. They were not stable to temperature changes, and they deteriorated rapidly with age. Although the process of vulcanization corrected the first difficulty, rapid deterioration with age was common until the discovery of certain organic accelerators, such as p-aminodimethylaniline, the aldehydeamines, and mercaptobenzothiazole. Prior to these discoveries a number of materials had been patented for the purpose of improving the age-resisting properties of rubber, but many of them were of little merit and most of the others possessed some accelerating value, a fact which was not appreciated at the time. Typical of the more useful early patents for age-resisting materials are American patents by Murphy in 1870 (15), Moore in 1901 (14), and Martin in 1922 (12), and the German and English patents of the Ostwalds in 1908 and 1910 (19, 20). Murphy patented phenol, cresol, and cresylic acid, either added to the uncured stock or as dipping solutions for vulcanized articles for the purpose of improving their resistance to aging. Moore used reducing agents, including hydroquinone, pyrogallol, and p-aminophenol hydrochloride, to preserve the adhesive properties of rubber cements. Martin suggested aniline and other organic bases as a surface treatment for vulcanized articles. The Ostwalds also recognized the beneficial effects of aniline on rubber and stated that it could be added at any convenient stage of manufacture. (It is interesting to note that these inventors considered that addition of aniline to uncured stock or dipping the cured article in aniline were equivalent, and they, therefore, evidently did not recognize the accelerating effect of aniline.)

scholarly journals Geostationary Belt – State’s Territory or Province of Mankind?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-178
Author(s):  
Rafał Kopeć
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Geostationary Orbit ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Space Law ◽  
Special Area ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs

Abstract The geostationary orbit is a special area in outer space. Because of its distinctive characteristics, it has constantly been the subject of economic and political desirability. Space powers, taking advantage of their technological superiority and rules applied by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) retained a privileged position. Developing countries, responding to this state of affairs, have taken a number of measures to improve their positions. Some of them posed a challenge to the main regulation of space law (Bogota declaration was an attempt to exercise a national sovereignty over the segments of the geostationary orbit), some are based on the use of the legal gaps in ITU regulations. Given these circumstances, the specific case of geostationary belt contributes to the debate on the regulations governing space exploration.

scholarly journals CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC TERMINOLOGY AND THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE LEGISLATION ON THE DEFINITION OF SUBJECTS AND PARTICIPANTS IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
I. L. Zheltobriukh
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Administrative Process ◽  
Scientific Terminology ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Enforcement Activity

This paper explores the existing contradictions between the scientific terminology and the terminology of legislation regarding the definition of subjects and participants in the administrative process. It is noted that acquaintance with the scientific and educational- methodological literature shows that even today there is no clear justification of the relation between the terms “subject of administrative process” and “participant of administrative process”. The main reason for this state of affairs is due to differences in the laws of development of national administrative procedural legislation and the laws of development of science of administrative procedural law. It is concluded that there is a long-standing need to offer the scientific community and practitioners such a concept of relation between the terms “subject of administrative process” and “participant in administrative process”, which would reconcile the contradictions of the otological and epistemological terminology used in the CAS. The necessity to use in the science of administrative law and process justifies the concept according to which the administrative process should be considered as law enforcement activity of administrative courts related to the consideration and resolution of public law disputes. In such a case, the administrative court will always be the subject of the administrative court, whereas the parties, third parties, representatives, assistant judge, court secretary, court administrator, witness, expert, law expert, translator, specialist are only participants in the administrative process that is, persons involved in the enforcement of administrative law.

Crystallization of Vulcanized Rubber

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Bekkedahl ◽  
Lawrence A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Single Exception ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur

Abstract The formation of crystals at room temperature by stretching rubber, vulcanized or unvulcanized, has been the subject of considerable study. The crystallization of unstretched rubber at low temperatures is also well known, but with a single exception to be discussed later, the effect has commonly been considered to be limited to the unvulcanized material. In the present investigation, however, the crystallization of unstretched specimens of vulcanized rubber of low sulfur content has been accomplished. In commercial vulcanized rubber products, crystallization has not hitherto been recognized as a factor of practical importance. It is probably significant in cold climates, where some rubber products slowly undergo a great increase in rigidity and permanent set. Automobile traffic counters, for example, have been rendered inoperative by the hardening of the rubber tubing used with them. Laboratory tubing and other products made of a number of different commercial rubber compounds have become rigid after storage for some weeks in a refrigerator at about 0° C. Previous work on unvulcanized rubber showed that it can be crystallized at temperatures between + 10° and −40° C, the crystals melting in a range from about 6° to 16° C. Crystallization and fusion are accompanied by changes in volume, heat capacity, light absorption, birefringence, x-ray diffraction, and mechanical properties such as hardness. x-Ray diffraction and birefringence, of course, give the most direct evidence of crystalline structure, but in the present work change of volume, measured in a mercury-filled dilatometer, was chosen as the criterion of crystallization or fusion. Quantitative results are more easily obtained in this manner, and the experimental observations are simple. Furthermore, the method is well adapted to continuous observations over long periods of time, such as were found necessary in the present work.

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