Some Neglected Problems in the Rheology of High Polymers

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 27-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Flow Behavior ◽  
American Chemical Society ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Subject

Abstract In accordance with custom, I have been asked, as a Goodyear Medalist, to address the Division of Rubber Chemistry of the American Chemical Society on the subject of my past work in the science and technology of elastomers. Hoping that I have correctly understood your desires, I shall now give you an informal, anecdotal story of some of this work. Going beyond this story of the past I shall also sketch, as I now see them, certain related unsolved problems, some of which have been rather neglected. While keeping in mind that detailed mathematics and theoretical argument would be inappropriate and even unwelcome on this occasion, I shall endeavor, with very little mathematics, to stimulate some of you to initiate programs of research on some of these problems, if you have not already done so. First let me tell you how, without realizing it, I became a rheologist. When I was employed by the United States Rubber Company in the fall of 1928, my first assignment was to study rubber plasticity, or the flow properties of crude rubbers and raw compounded stocks. When I was told of this problem in a conference with my group leader, Dr. Roscoe H. Gerke, there was a third person present, Dr. Ernest J. Joss, a physical chemist. Dr. Joss had only shortly before been given the same assignment; but with my appearance in the group, he was permitted to drop this work and give his full time to more congenial tasks. At the conference he turned over to me some talced strips of pale crepe which had been cut from a batch on a laboratory mill after various milling times. I knew nothing about rubber at that time; and if I had been asked to guess what these samples were, I could only have replied that they looked like fillets of sole sprinkled with flour and ready for the frying pan. The rheologieal testing devices for raw rubber that were available at that time were of two forms, the compression plastometer and the extrusion plastometer. I quickly decided that neither of these was suitable for the purpose, which, as I conceived it, was to measure the flow behavior of raw rubbers or stocks in their working condition as exhibited on a mill or calender or in a tuber.

Newsmaking criminology in Australia and New Zealand: Results from a mixed methods study of criminologists’ media engagement

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Iliadis ◽  
Imogen Richards ◽  
Mark A Wood
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
News Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Professional Duty ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Newsmaking Criminology

‘Newsmaking criminology’, as described by Barak, is the process by which criminologists contribute to the generation of ‘newsworthy’ media content about crime and justice, often through their engagement with broadcast and other news media. While newsmaking criminological practices have been the subject of detailed practitioner testimonials and theoretical treatise, there has been scarce empirical research on newsmaking criminology, particularly in relation to countries outside of the United States and United Kingdom. To illuminate the state of play of newsmaking criminology in Australia and New Zealand, in this paper we analyse findings from 116 survey responses and nine interviews with criminologists working in universities in these two countries, which provide insight into the extent and nature of their news media engagement, and their related perceptions. Our findings indicate that most criminologists working in Australia or New Zealand have made at least one news media appearance in the past two years, and the majority of respondents view news media engagement as a professional ‘duty’. Participants also identified key political, ethical, and logistical issues relevant to their news media engagement, with several expressing a view that radio and television interviewers can influence criminologists to say things that they deem ‘newsworthy’.

Stereotyping by historicizing: The journalistic writing technique of locating foreign societies in the past

Journalism ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 146488491987032
Author(s):  
Miki Tanikawa
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Foreign Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

Drawing mainly on cultural theories, this article probed the ‘myth’ in the news (international) using a combined quantitative and qualitative approach for investigation with a goal of revealing common characteristics of articles that revolve around a mythical image of a foreign culture, or a national cultural stereotype. Three major newspapers from three different regions of the world, the United States, United Kingdom, and Japan, were content analyzed and found that articles that pivot on well-known foreign cultural stereotypes invoke one of three types of theme/content: a well-known point of ancient history, a media myth built over decades, or a ‘lived’ experience of the audience. In essence, articles that utilize foreign myth are characterized by the technique of ‘historicizing’ the subject matter. They portray the culture as being embedded in history, tradition, and inertia indicating to readers that the foreign country – and collectively the world outside – has remained the same and stagnant culturally in the process stereotyping foreign societies as the Other. This article discusses the intersection of myth and national cultural stereotypes, using the concept, ‘the culture peg’ as a bridging notion that allows for a measure of quantitative method of investigation.

Introduction: Immigration and Incorporation

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén G. Rumbaut
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immigrant Settlement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
American Society

In at least one sense the “American century” is ending much as it had begun: the United States has again become a nation of immigrants, and it is again being transformed in the process. But the diversity of the “new immigration” to the United States over the past three decades differs in many respects from that of the last period of mass immigration in the first three decades of the century. The immigrants themselves differ greatly in their social class and national origins, and so does the American society, polity, and economy that receives them—raising questions about their modes of incorporation, and challenging conventional accounts of assimilation processes that were framed during that previous epoch. The dynamics and future course of their adaptation are open empirical questions—as well as major questions for public policy, since the outcome will shape the future contours of American society. Indeed, as the United States undergoes its most profound demographic transformation in a century; as inexorable processes of globalization, especially international migrations from Asia, Africa, and the Americas, diversify still further the polyethnic composition of its population; and as issues of immigration, race and ethnicity become the subject of heated public debate, the question of incorporation, and its serious study, becomes all the more exigent. The essays in this special issue of Sociological Perspectives tackle that subject from a variety of analytical vantages and innovative approaches, covering a wide range of groups in major areas of immigrant settlement. Several of the papers focus specifically on Los Angeles and New York City, where, remarkably, fully a quarter of the total U.S. immigrant population resides.

The United States and Latin-American Revolutions

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Freeman Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Foreign Policy ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Cuban American ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complex Subject

The policy of the United States. toward social and economic revolutions in Latin America is a subject of wide U. S. concern. The rumblings of discontent in this area, coupled with the current crisis in Cuban- American relations, have stimulated the writing of numerous articles and books. In order to grasp some understanding of the current situation, however, it is necessary to place the subject in its historical perspective. This in itself will not automatically furnish any solutions, but perhaps it will give some coherence to a complex subject which has its roots in the past development of United States foreign policy.

scholarly journals The Diffusion of Labour Standards: The Case of the US and Guatemala

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda Van Roozendaal
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Transfer ◽  
Central American ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
The Subject

The number of free trade agreements (FTAs) concluded by the United States of America (US) has grown vastly over the past two decades. While FTAs contribute to increased global competition and as such may also contribute to socially-undesirable practices in the area of working conditions and the environment, the proliferation in FTAs has paradoxically also augmented the potential for making free trade more fair as some of these agreements now include labour provisions. However, the question is whether these trade agreements have also actually diffused internationally recognised labour standards. This article studies the FTA the US signed in 2004 with a number of Central American countries and which, at a later stage, also included the Dominican Republic. This FTA is commonly referred to as CAFTA-DR and includes a chapter on labour standards. The article argues that the effects of the inclusion of labour standards in CAFTA-DR have been limited and therefore should be viewed as an unsuccessful attempt at policy transfer. This is illustrated by the case of Guatemala, a country known for its lack of respect for labour standards and which is currently the subject of a complaints procedure under the CAFTA-DR. It is maintained that this lack of effectiveness is the result of many factors. Among these is the weakness of the labour chapter of CAFTA-DR resulting from the fact that the chapter is the outcome of bargaining processes both within the US and between the US and Guatemala, where symbolic results were valued more highly than actual substance.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Matthew Kroenig
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Leadership ◽  
Great Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject

This chapter introduces the subject of the book and summarizes its basic argument and structure. It explains that the United States of America has been the world’s leading state for the past seven decades, but that great power rivalry has returned in recent years with Russia and China becoming more assertive on the international stage. Indeed, many believe the days of U.S. global leadership are coming to an end in the face of challenges from its leading autocratic rivals. In contrast, this chapter argues that democracies have systematic advantages in international politics and that there is good reason to believe that the American era of international preeminence will endure.

Tracking Ignorance: Examining Changes in Immigrant Population Innumeracy in the United States from 2005 to 2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-339
Author(s):  
Daniel Herda
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Population ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

Citizens’ tendency to overestimate the size of immigrant populations has been the subject of several studies over the past three decades. While we have learned a great deal about the extent, causes, and potential consequences of this population innumeracy, our understanding remains static. The current letter offers the first longitudinal consideration of immigrant population size misperceptions with an analysis across a nine-year span in the U.S. This study considers: 1) whether misperceptions have changed over time; 2) how these changes compare to the growth of the actual foreign-born population size; and 3) whether these changes are related to demographic and ideological factors. Results indicate that misperceptions have grown rapidly in the U.S, far outpacing the modest, actual increases across the period. Pooled cross-sectional analyses indicate that demographic factors do not explain the growth in misperceptions. However, the overestimates of politically conservative Americans have grown increasingly extreme over time.

Practical Method for Obtaining Dry Air for Humidity Control in a Rubber Laboratory

1929 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-322
Author(s):  
F. S. Conover
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
American Chemical Society ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Testing Laboratories ◽  
Physical Testing ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Short Time

Abstract THE effect of relative humidity on rubber-testing has been the subject of much recent investigation. String-field and Conover and Depew have published papers on this subject. The last-named authors recommended that the rubber be stored in dry cabinets before milling, between milling and vulcanization, and between vulcanization and testing, at a temperature of 75° ±5° F. A short time later the Physical Testing Committee of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society recommended that all laboratory testing be carried out at 45 per cent relative humidity and 82° ±5°F. While both methods have undoubted merit, it was believed that for physical testing laboratories, particularly such as this one, zero humidity was both more conducive to reliable results and easier to maintain. Accordingly, equipment was installed for maintaining zero humidity and its performance has been consistently good. Since several of the larger rubber laboratories have shown interest in the equipment, it has been decided to present this description of the installation and its operation.

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