The Relation of Transition Temperatures to Chemical Structure in High Polymers

1963 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1303-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond F. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Molecular Motion ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Secondary Purpose

Abstract The primary purpose of this paper is to summarize some of the general relationships between chemical structure and transition temperatures for polymers. In addition to the two primary transitions, the melting point Tm, and the glass transition TG, other transitions occurring either below TG or between TG and Tm are discussed. A secondary purpose of this paper is to make a preliminary attempt at some rational nomenclature and classification scheme for polymer transitions, especially in the case of polymers having multiple transitions. This article is not intended to be a complete review of the literature on transitions in polymers. Our paper was inspired by a comprehensive lecture on multiple transitions presented by Dr. Karl Wolf in Midland, Michigan, during the summer of 1960. The substance of this lecture has recently been published. Willbourn has also been concerned with the classification of multiple transitions. A recent comprehensive report by Saito, Okano, Iwayanagi and Hideshima called “Molecular Motion in Solid State Polymers” also considers in elaborate detail many of these same problems.

scholarly journals Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Zulianello
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Review Article ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Empirical Application

AbstractDespite the explosion of populism research, there is a shortage of comprehensive analyses of the ideational varieties of populist parties and of the different roles they play in contemporary party systems. In order to overcome such limitations, I provide a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the classification of populist parties and make three innovative contributions to populism research. First, by adopting a truly pan-European perspective to cover, in addition to EU member countries, contexts that are generally overlooked, including but not limited to Liechtenstein, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine, this review article provides an empirical application of the ideational approach to populism to 66 contemporary parties. Second, it highlights the major shortcomings of common approaches to the study of populist parties in contemporary party systems, which almost invariably treat them as ‘challengers’ or ‘outsiders’. Finally, it pushes the agenda further by providing a classification and empirical overview of the three interactive patterns characterizing the 66 populist parties under analysis: non-integration, negative integration and positive integration.

Processable Poly(Keto-Imide)s Having Bulky Pendent Ether Groups

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Tamai ◽  
W Yamashita ◽  
A Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Pyromellitic Dianhydride ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Tetracarboxylic Dianhydride

1, 3-Bis(3-aminobenzoyl)benzene (BAB), 1, 3-bis(3-amino-4-phenoxybenzoyl)benzene (BAPB) and 1, 3-bis(3-amino-4-biphenoxybenzoyl)benzene (BABB) were synthesized from 1, 3-bis(3-nitro-4-chlorobenzoyl)benzene. By using these three diamines and commercially available tetracarboxylic dianhydrides such as 3, 3′, 4, 4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), several kinds of poly(keto-imide)s were synthesized. Thermal properties and processability such as melt-flowability and solubility in organic solvents of the obtained poly(keto-imide)s were investigated by focusing on the chemical structures of their repeating structure units. Inherent viscosities of poly(keto-imide)s ranged from 0.54 to 0.75 dl g−1. These poly(keto-imide)s displayed glass transition temperatures ( Tg) between 219 and 256 °C, and only the poly(keto-imide) prepared from BAB and PMDA showed a melting point ( Tm)at 451 °C. Melt-flowabilities of these poly(keto-imide)s except for BAB/PMDA poly(keto-imide) were observed between 285 and 330 °C. The poly(keto-imide)s having bulky pendent ether groups were soluble in chloroform, 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane, N, N-dimethylacetamide and m-cresol at ambient temperature.

Hole Transport Materials with Low Glass Transition Temperatures and High Solubility for Application in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

ACS Nano ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1455-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Leijtens ◽  
I-Kang Ding ◽  
Tommaso Giovenzana ◽  
Jason T. Bloking ◽  
Michael D. McGehee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ◽  
Hole Transport ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
High Solubility ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
Dye Sensitized ◽  
Sensitized Solar Cells

Visualization and Manipulation of Molecular Motion in Solid State through Photo-Induced Clusteroluminescence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoke Zhang ◽  
Lili Du ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Junkai Liu ◽  
Qing Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Excited State ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Molecular Motion ◽  
Molecular Machine ◽  
Conjugated Molecules ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Packing Structure ◽  
New Strategy

<p>Building molecular machine has long been a dream of scientists as it is expected to revolutionize many aspects of technology and medicine. Implementing the solid-state molecular motion is the prerequisite for a practical molecular machine. However, few works on solid-state molecular motion have been reported and it is almost impossible to “see” the motion even if it happens. Here the light-driven molecular motion in solid state is discovered in two non-conjugated molecules <i>s</i>-DPE and <i>s</i>-DPE-TM, resulting in the formation of excited-state though-space complex (ESTSC). Meanwhile, the newly formed ESTSC generates an abnormal visible emission which is termed as clusteroluminescence. Notably, the original packing structure can recover from ESTSC when the light source is removed. These processes have been confirmed by time-resolved spectroscopy and quantum mechanics calculation. This work provides a new strategy to manipulate and “see” solid-state molecular motion and gains new insights into the mechanistic picture of clusteroluminescence.<br></p>

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