The Law of Absorption of Carbon Dioxide by Rubber as a Function of the Time

1932 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-607
Author(s):  
C. Cheneveau
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Lime Water ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Law ◽  
Coefficients Of Absorption ◽  
Absorption Measurements

Abstract 1. As the form of the curves shows, factice does not appear to obey the law for rubber. Calculations give values which, in relation to the observed values, show deviations of 8.5 per cent for brown factice and 13.7 per cent for white factice, whereas Table I gives smaller deviations for the different rubbers. 2. Crude rubber absorbs more than the same rubber cut into pieces, which indicates that the latter has become less porous. The absorption measurements can therefore give an idea of the porosity. It is a curious fact that if crude or cut-up rubber is boiled with alcohol the same value for the coefficient of absorption is obtained. 3. Vulcanized rubber or rubber mixed with mineral or organic fillers absorbs carbon dioxide in the same way. 4. Although Reychler has assumed that carbon dioxide dissolves in rubber, it should be noted that the law of the phenomenon of absorption is identical to that of monomolecular chemical combination. Might there not be formed therefore a compound with one of the components of the rubber? In any case, it is extremely difficult to remove the carbon dioxide from rubber, even after subjecting it to a vacuum for a long time. Moreover, if successive experiments are repeated on a single sample, it is found that the coefficients of absorption become smaller and smaller. This indicates that more and more carbon dioxide remains in the rubber. The coefficient of absorption for plantation rubber at the end of four tests changed from 0.165 to 0.141 and did not regain its value at the end of 50 days' standing. Upon washing the rubber at this stage, traces of carbon dioxide were detected in the wash water by means of lime water. 5. The study of the k coefficients, which may be called diffusion coefficients, likewise gives information about a rubber. 6. A sample left for one whole day in carbon dioxide did not appear to have altered, as judged by its elongation and tensile strength. 7. Without desiring to draw any definite conclusions from this work, it is believed that more complete tests such as those described would doubtless be of value in obtaining information about the constitution or the quality of different rubbers.

scholarly journals On the function of chlorophyll

1915 ◽  
Vol 89 (609) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Hexose Sugars ◽  
Lime Water ◽  
Long Time

It has been generally assumed that the function of chlorophyll is to absorb radiant energy from light and to render this available for the production of formaldehyde from carbon dioxide and water, the formaldehyde being subsequently polymerised to carbohydrates, and oxygen being set free. This is supported by the fact that chlorophyll contains magnesium and that in a cold watery solution of carbon dioxide this metal produces formaldehyde, which readily polymerises spontaneously to paraformaldehyde, C 2 H 4 O 2 , or metaformaldehyde, C 3 H 6 O 3 , and into hexose sugars in the presence of lime-water or other weak alkali. Usher and Priestly stated that chlorophyll films when exposed to sunlight decomposed carbon dioxide, producing formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The latter was responsible for the bleaching of chlorophyll in sunlight, and if a “katalase” enzyme was present the oxygen was set free and the chlorophyll remained green. “The bleaching of the chlorophyll in sunlight whether carbon dioxide is present or not is due to the formation of hydrogen peroxide.” As a matter of fact chlorophyll films immersed in a solution of hydrogen peroxide remain green for a long time in darkness, and when exposed to light do not bleach much more rapidly than similar films exposed to ordinary air.

Tingkat Pemahaman Kompetensi Guru Pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Geografi Sebagai Calon Guru Geografi

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Novia Zalmita ◽  
Muhajirah Muhajirah ◽  
Abdul Wahab Abdi
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Prospective Teacher ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Geography Education ◽  
Teacher Competence ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Long Time

One that influences human resource indicators is education. The teacher is a profession as a job of academic specialization in a relatively long time in college. Understanding related to teacher competence is very important to have by a prospective teacher because it can affect the quality of performance as a professional teacher. The teacher's competence is known as pedagogic, professional, social and personality competencies. The issue in this study is how the competency of the teacher of the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah as a prospective teacher of geography? The purpose of this study was to determine the competence of teachers in the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah as prospective geography teachers. Quantitative description approach is used in this study to find answers to the issue. The population in this study were students of the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah class of 2015 and 2016 who had been declared to have passed the Micro Teaching and Magang Kependidikan 3 course totaling 50 people. Because the population is small and can be reached, the determination of the sample using total sampling techniques so that the sample in this study is the whole population. Data collection is done by distributing test questions to respondents. The data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics percentage formula. The results of the study indicate that the level of teacher competence of Geography Education Department students as prospective teachers is in the moderate category, namely as many as 22 respondents (44%). A total of 12 respondents (24%) were in the high category, 15 respondents (30%) were in the low category and 1 respondent (2%) were in the very low category.

Electrical Damage Due to Low Energy Plasma Processing of GaAs Structures

1991 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans P. Zappe ◽  
Gudrun Kaufel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Rapid Thermal Anneal ◽  
High Temperature Anneal ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Low Energies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Physical Plasma

ABSTRACTThe effect of numerous plasma reative ion etch and physical milling processes on the electrical behavior of GaAs bulk substrates has been investigated by means of electric microwave absorption. It was seen that plasma treatments at quite low energies may significantly affect the electrical quality of the etched semiconductor. Predominantly physical plasma etchants (Ar) were seen to create significant damage at very low energies. Chemical processes (involving Cl or F), while somewhat less pernicious, also gave rise to electrical substrate damage, the effect greater for hydrogenic ambients. Whereas rapid thermal anneal treatments tend to worsen the electrical integrity, some substrates respond positively to long-time high temperature anneal steps.

PEMBENAHAN TERHADAP LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN DAPAT MENIADAKAN OPSI HUKUMAN MATI BAGI NARAPIDANA DI INDONESIA (THE IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY OF PENITENTIARY CAN ELIMINATE THE DEATH PENALTY OPTIONS OF CONVICTED CRIMINALS IN INDONESIA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Nomensen Freddy Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Public ◽  
Good Citizen ◽  
The People ◽  
Long Time

After a long time was not heard to the public area, lately death penalty toward the criminal cases that classified as extraordinary crime are appear. The author discovers electronic article about the execution of the death penalty which is the prosecutor prepares to execute death penalty toward the drugs dealer. The president of Republic of Indonesia stated that it is necessary to give a deterrent effect to the convicted  criminal and keep the morality of Indonesian teenagers. According to my opinion, the author argues that it will be better and wiser if we discuss about renovating all of the Penitentiary in Indonesia than debating whether death penalty could be done in Indonesia or not, because it will be displeasure many parties, death penalty infringed the human rights of the convicted criminals and cause psychological burden to them, families, the executor of the death penalty, and other parties. Because if we have to improve the quality of the Penitentiary, if the function of Penitentiary for fostering moralily has been optimal or properly enough to the convicted criminals, Indonesia will be no longer need the death penalty option as sanction to the convicted crimanals including for the extraordinary crime (especially for drugs trafficking in our country). Penitentiary is one of the public services which aims for fostering the people that initially have bad habits (commited to the crime), so that they will have the awareness to change their bad attitude into the be better ones, will not harm others, and positively contributed to the society. Already Penitentiary’s conditions should be designed in such a way and as good as possible, so that the inmates feels like at their own home (like having a second home after his own home), and feel humaner to spend their days in the Penitentiary. The author believes that if the Penitentiary has been improved and optimized its function well, then the real purpose of Penitentiary will definitely achieved. As stated in Law Number 12 Year 1995 regarding to Penitentiary Article 2 which states "sanction system are organized in order to fostering the convicted criminals in order to be the real man, aware of their fault, improve themselves, and not to repeat the criminal act so that they can be friendly received by the community, can actively participated in the development of our country, and can socialize themselves as good citizen."Article 3 on this regulation also intensifies the function of Penitentiary "the function of Penitentiary is to prepare convicted criminals to be able to properly integrated to the society, so they can be accepted again as members of the public who are free and responsible ones." 

نظام التوثيق وأثره في إدارة الأصول الوقفية في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة: نماذج من إمارة الشارقة (Documentation System and its Impact on Endowment Managements in United Arabic Emirates: The Study of Emirate of Sharjah)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-193
Author(s):  
مها بنت منصور الصائغ
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Documentation System ◽  
The People ◽  
Endowment Management ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law

شهد تاريخ الأمة الإسلامية حضارة ونهضة عالمية في جميع مجالات الحياة الإنسانية، ومما كان له كبير الأثر في ذلك هو الأوقاف التي بدأت مع سيد البشرية محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم واستمرت بتنوع وشمولية إلى عصرنا الحالي؛ ولكن ما تعرضت إليه الأوقاف من إهمال وإقصاء وضياع يرجع لأسباب عديدة من أهمها غياب التوثيق الوقفي. تقوم الدراسة على تتبع مفهوم الوقف والتوثيق، والوقف في الإمارات العربية المتحدة ول سيما في إمارة الشارقة. توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج منها: أن الأوقاف قائمة منذ زمن بعيد، وأن رغبة الواقف بالوقف وإقدامه عليها لم ينقصها سوى وثيقة، وأنه لا وثائق لها ولا مستندات، كما أن العرض الموجز لنشأة دائرة الأوقاف بالشارقة وسعيها لإحياء سنة الوقف ونشر ثقافته نراه يتضح شيئاً فشيئاً من خلال تفعيل مواد القانون والبحث حول الأنسب والأصح لحماية الأوقاف، ولم يكن هذا الاهتمام بالوقف إلا انعكاساً لتوجه الواقفين وتماشياً لرؤية الحكام وامتثالاً لنهج خير الأنام ورغبة في تكافل الأرواح وحباً للسلام. الكلمات المفتاحيّة: الوقف، التوثيق، المقارنة، الشارقة. Abstract The history of Islamic nation has witnessed a global civilization and it has had a great impact in all areas of human life, including the endowments that began with the master of humankind; Muhammad S.A.W. and it was continuing in diversity and comprehensively until our epoch. However, there are some problems related to endowment management such as negligence, exclusion and loss that due to many reasons. Among the most important reasons is the absence of endowment documentations. Therefore, the study aims to discuss the concept of endowment and documentation, as well as the endowment in United Arabic Emirates, especially in the Emirate of Sharjah. The study concluded that the practice of endowment has been existed for a long time, yet there are in need of endowment documentations. This study also found that the information related to the establishment of institution of endowment in Sharjah and its role has   spread widely to the people through the enforcement of the law and the implementation of the research related to the practice of endowment in order to sustain them in a good way. This documentation system was only a reflection of what has  stated in Shariah laws regarding the practice of endowment among the donors, so that it will be in line with the approach of good intentions and love of peace. Keywords: Endowment, Documentation, Comparison, Sharjah.   

OS CAMINHOS DAS ÁGUAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE CARIRÉ, CEARÁ, BRASIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 564-580
Author(s):  
Eloiza Rocha Queiroz ◽  
José Falcão Sobrinho
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Brazilian Semiarid ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Rains ◽  
Two Stages

A região Nordeste do Brasil vem sendo alvo de medidas do Estado a mais de um século, na tentativa de solucionar o problema da falta de água em época de secas. O Estado do Ceará, por sua vez, apresenta boa parte de seu território inserido no semiárido brasileiro, uma região caracterizada pelo clima seco, com poucas chuvas e elevada evapotranspiração. A problemática da água existe há bastante tempo, principalmente o acesso em quantidade e qualidade suficientes para atender a população. O presente trabalho tem como tema central a questão dos recursos hídricos, com enfoque no abastecimento humano do município de Cariré, localizado na região noroeste do Ceará. Nosso objetivo consiste em apresentar um panorama de como atualmente a população carireense tem acesso à água potável. A metodologia adotada constitui-se em duas etapas: na primeira, realizamos levantamento de material bibliográfico e a segunda diz respeito a parte prática realizada em saídas a campo. Segundo a ONU, a água é um bem comum e que deve ser de acesso a todos, é um direito humano. Nesta perspectiva, o gerenciamento adequado dos recursos hídricos é essencial para a manutenção da qualidade de vida. Palavras-chave: Recursos Hídricos; Abastecimento Humano; Cariré-Ce. ABSTRACTThe pnortheast region from Brazil has been subject of measures for more than a century in attempts to solve the problems lack of water in dry season. The state of Ceará has a good part of its territorial inserted in Brazilian semiarid, a region characterized by dry climate, short rains and high evapotranspiration. The water issue has existed for a long time, mainly in a sufficient access of quantity and quality to serve the population. Then, this article has as a central theme the water resources focusing on water supply of the Cariré localized at Northeast region from Ceará. Therefore the purpose of the paper is to present a study about how the Carire’s population has had access to potable water currently. The methodology adopted to this research consists of two stages: Firstly it was carried out a survey of bibliographical material and secondly it concerned the practical part carried out in the field trips. In accordance to United nations, water is a commom good and it has to be available to everyone, it is a human rights. In that sense, the proper management of water resources is essential to keep the quality of life.Key-words: Human supply; Water resources; Cariré – Ce. RÉSUMÉLa région du nord-est du Brésil est la cible de mesures prises par l’État depuis plus d’un siècle pour tenter de résoudre le problème de la pénurie d’eau en saison sèche. L’État du Ceará, en revanche, présente une bonne partie de son territoire inséré dans le semi-aride brésilien, région caractérisée par un climat sec, avec peu de pluies et une forte évapotranspiration. Le problème de l'eau existe depuis longtemps, principalement l'accès en quantité et qualité suffisantes pour satisfaire la population. Le travail actuel a pour thème central la question des ressources en eau, en mettant l'accent sur l'approvisionnement humain de la municipalité de Cariré, située dans la région nord-ouest du Ceará. Notre objectif est de présenter un aperçu de la façon dont la population carioca a actuellement accès à l’eau potable. La méthodologie adoptée comporte deux étapes: dans le premier, nous procédons à une enquête sur le matériel bibliographique et le second à la partie pratique réalisée lors des visites sur le terrain. Selon l'ONU, l'eau est un bien commun et doit être accessible à tous, c'est un droit humain. Dans cette perspective, la gestion adéquate des ressources en eau est essentielle au maintien de la qualité de la vie.Mots-clés: Ressources en eau; Approvisionnement humain; Cariré-Ce.

Experience with the Relay Procedure for Tuning Controllers in Automatic Control of Chlorination

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 257-261
Author(s):  
M. Truett Garrett ◽  
Zaki Ahmad ◽  
Shelly Young
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Automatic Control ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Relay Feedback ◽  
Quality Of Control ◽  
Incomplete Mixing ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Chlorine Demand

The recent requirements by U.S.E.P.A. for dechlorination and biomonitoring have increased the importance of automatic control of effluent chlorination in wastewater treatment plants. Difficulties with the Ziegler-Nichols controller tuning procedure were reported at the Kyoto Workshop, 1990. Problems are caused by the noise of incomplete mixing, a long time constant, and the disturbances of changing flow and chlorine demand. The Astrom-Hagglund relay feedback procedure provides acceptable control while data is logged to determine the controller constants. Experiences in using the procedure in existing facilities (not redesigning the mixing point) and the quality of control are presented.

scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide Laser Vulvovaginal Rejuvenation: A Systematic Review

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Tassahil Messas ◽  
Achraf Messas ◽  
George Kroumpouzos
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Laser Therapy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Erbium:Yag Laser ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Level I ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) causes significant symptomatic aggravation that affects the quality of life (QoL). Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), the hallmark of GSM, is managed with topical non-hormonal therapy, including moisturizers and lubricants, and topical estrogen application. Patients not responding/being unsatisfied with previous local estrogen therapies are candidates for a noninvasive modality. Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser therapy, especially the fractionated type (FrCO2), has drawn considerable attention over the past two decades as a non-invasive treatment for GSM. This systematic review describes the accumulated evidence from 40 FrCO2 laser studies (3466 participants) in GSM/VVA. MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane databases were searched through April 2021. We analyze the effects of FrCO2 laser therapy on symptoms, sexual function, and QoL of patients with GSM/VVA. As shown in this review, FrCO2 laser therapy for GSM shows good efficacy and safety. This modality has the potential to advance female sexual wellness. Patient satisfaction was high in the studies included in this systematic review. However, there is a lack of level I evidence, and more randomized sham-controlled trials are required. Furthermore, several clinical questions, such as the number of sessions required that determine cost-effectiveness, should be addressed. Also, whether FrCO2 laser therapy may exert a synergistic effect with systemic and/or local hormonal/non-hormonal treatments, energy-based devices, and other modalities to treat GMS requires further investigation. Lastly, studies are required to compare FrCO2 laser therapy with other energy-based devices such as erbium:YAG laser and radiofrequency.

scholarly journals From “the Moon Is Rounder Abroad” to “Bravo, My Country”: How China Misperceives the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Chinese Public

AbstractFor a long time, since China’s opening to the outside world in the late 1970s, admiration for foreign socioeconomic prosperity and quality of life characterized much of the Chinese society, which contributed to dissatisfaction with the country’s development and government and a large-scale exodus of students and emigrants to foreign countries. More recently, however, overestimating China’s standing and popularity in the world has become a more conspicuous feature of Chinese public opinion and the social backdrop of the country’s overreach in global affairs in the last few years. This essay discusses the effects of these misperceptions about the world, their potential sources, and the outcomes of correcting misperceptions. It concludes that while the world should get China right and not misinterpret China’s intentions and actions, China should also get the world right and have a more balanced understanding of its relationship with the world.

scholarly journals Penurunan mutu dan pendugaan umur simpan sup krim instan labu kuning diperkaya tempe untuk lansia dengan metode accelerated shelf life testing (ASLT)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Salma Shafrina Aulia ◽  
Budi Setiawan ◽  
Tiurma Sinaga ◽  
Ahmad Sulaeman
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Critical Parameter ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Life Testing ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Long Time

Background: Instant pumpkin cream soup enriched with tempeh had fulfilled 10% Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for elderly so that it can be used as an easy-to-serve snack, but decreasing quality of instant cream soup will be happened if the instant cream soup was stored for a long time. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze quality of water content, water activity and lipid oxidation in instant pumpkin cream soup during storage and estimated the shelf life of pumpkin cream soup enriched with tempeh.Method:  Quality storage was analyzed using of water content, water activity (aw) and lipid oxidation. Estimation of shelf life was analyzed using Arrhenius Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) model.Results: The results showed that the water content, aw levels and lipid oxidation of instant pumpkin cream soup increased during the storage period. The critical parameter used in this study was lipid oxidation. Instant cream soup without the addition of tempeh can last 447 days  while the cream soup with the addition of tempeh has a shelf life of 433 days.Conclusion: Quality of instant pumpkin cream soup decreased during the storage period and it would be expired over a year.

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