Theoretical Consideration of Interfacial Forces Involved in Coalescence of Latex Particles

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1246-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Vanderhoff ◽  
H. L. Tarkowski ◽  
M. C. Jenkins ◽  
E. B. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Theoretical Consideration ◽  
Latex Particle ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Latex Particles ◽  
Interfacial Tensions ◽  
Interfacial Forces

Abstract The Dillon, Matheson, and Bradford and the Brown hypotheses for the mechanism of film formation of latexes are extended, two latex particles in a drop of water being given as a model. As the water evaporates, the particles are brought together, so that their stabilizing layers are in contact and their further approach is hindered. The pressure forcing the particles together is increased by the further evaporation of water (that is, by the forces arising from the water air interfacial tension), until the stabilizing layers are ruptured and a polymer polymer contact is formed. Once this occurs, the pressure exerted upon the particles is increased further by the forces arising from the polymer water interfacial tension. Numerical values for the pressure exerted upon the particles are calculated as a function of latex particle size, degree of coalescence, and interfacial tensions both of water against air and polymer against water. Similar calculations with a latex particle coalescing against a flat surface (for example, a substrate) as a model demonstrate the importance of the contact angle between the polymer and the flat surface. The hypotheses developed are used to explain various experimental observations.

Capillarity, wetting, and surface (interfacial) tension

Surfactants ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 25-52
Author(s):  
Bob Aveyard
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Solid Surface ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Intermolecular Forces ◽  
Liquid Interface ◽  
Interfacial Tensions ◽  
Drop Radius

Capillarity reflects the action of interfacial tension and has been central to understanding intermolecular forces. When a liquid meets a solid surface (with contact angle θ‎) it forms a meniscus which is associated with the rise/depression of liquid in a capillary tube, hence the term capillarity. Interfacial tensions also determine how a liquid wets and adheres to a solid or another liquid. Liquid menisci are curved, and Young, Laplace, and Kelvin have all thrown light upon the properties of curved liquid surfaces. The Young–Laplace equation relates the pressure difference across a curved liquid interface to both the interfacial tension and curvature of the interface. Interfacial tension also gives rise to a dependence of the vapour pressure (and solubility) of a liquid on the curvature of its surface (e.g. drop radius), as expressed in the Kelvin equation. Common methods for measurement of interfacial tensions are described in an Appendix.

Sphere tensiometry: an evaluation and critique

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Huh ◽  
S. G. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Sphere Surface ◽  
Interfacial Tensions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Measuring Surface ◽  
The Difference

An absolute gravimetric method of measuring surface and interfacial tensions of liquids by pulling a sphere through the interface is examined. The method also permits simultaneous measurement of the contact angle of the liquid on the sphere surface; this enables corrections to be made for incomplete wetting of the solid by liquids in measuring the interfacial tension, a feature which the conventional ring and plate methods lack. Simultaneous measurements of the interfacial tension and the difference in phase densities across the interface are in principle also possible. Preliminary experimental results are presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of the method are critically discussed.

Effect of Staining on Latex Particle Size Examined by Electron Microscopy

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1239-1240
Author(s):  
Y. Ming ◽  
H. Doumaux ◽  
L. E. Scriven ◽  
H. T. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Latex Particle ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Latex Film ◽  
Particle Deformation ◽  
Backscattered Electron ◽  
Electron Imaging

Electron microscopy has been an invaluble tool to the study of polymer morphology, especially latex particles, microphase-separated block copolymers, and polymer blends. However, in order to examine these materials in an electron microscope, the sample often needs to be stained to heighten contrast between locales of different composition in the specimen. Staining usually has the following advantages: heightened contrast; higher polymer glass transition temperature Tg; lowered charging; and reduced radiation damage. However, staining can also introduce artifact. It is reported that the latex particle size is raised and the polybutadiene “sphere” in block copolymers is lowered after staining. This indicates that the staining process may be complex.Recently, low voltage field emission scanning electron microscopy (LVFESEM), especially high-resolution backscattered electron imaging produced with staining, has been used to study latex film formation, latex particle deformation and adhesion on substrates, latex particle deformation, distribution and binding in paper coatings.

scholarly journals Mechanism of active silica nanofluids based on interface-regulated effect during spontaneous imbibition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Guang Song ◽  
Ming-Wei Zhao ◽  
Cai-Li Dai ◽  
Xin-Ke Wang ◽  
Wen-Jiao Lv
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Dynamic Contact Angle ◽  
Liquid Interface ◽  
Spontaneous Imbibition ◽  
Wettability Alteration ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Solid Liquid

AbstractThe ultra-low permeability reservoir is regarded as an important energy source for oil and gas resource development and is attracting more and more attention. In this work, the active silica nanofluids were prepared by modified active silica nanoparticles and surfactant BSSB-12. The dispersion stability tests showed that the hydraulic radius of nanofluids was 58.59 nm and the zeta potential was − 48.39 mV. The active nanofluids can simultaneously regulate liquid–liquid interface and solid–liquid interface. The nanofluids can reduce the oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) from 23.5 to 6.7 mN/m, and the oil/water/solid contact angle was altered from 42° to 145°. The spontaneous imbibition tests showed that the oil recovery of 0.1 wt% active nanofluids was 20.5% and 8.5% higher than that of 3 wt% NaCl solution and 0.1 wt% BSSB-12 solution. Finally, the effects of nanofluids on dynamic contact angle, dynamic interfacial tension and moduli were studied from the adsorption behavior of nanofluids at solid–liquid and liquid–liquid interface. The oil detaching and transporting are completed by synergistic effect of wettability alteration and interfacial tension reduction. The findings of this study can help in better understanding of active nanofluids for EOR in ultra-low permeability reservoirs.

Penetration Dynamics of Solid Particles into Liquids High-Speed Experimental Results and Modelling

2005 ◽  
Vol 473-474 ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Verezub ◽  
György Kaptay ◽  
Tomiharu Matsushita ◽  
Kusuhiro Mukai
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Particle Velocity ◽  
Weber Number ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Critical Weber Number

Penetration of model solid particles (polymer, teflon, nylon, alumina) into transparent model liquids (distilled water and aqueous solutions of KI) were recorded by a high speed (500 frames per second) camera, while the particles were dropped from different heights vertically on the still surface of the liquids. In all cases a cavity has been found to form behind the solid particle, penetrating into the liquid. For each particle/liquid combination the critical dropping height has been measured, above which the particle was able to penetrate into the bulk liquid. Based on this, the critical impact particle velocity, and also the critical Weber number of penetration have been established. The critical Weber number of penetration was modelled as a function of the contact angle, particle size and the ratio of the density of solid particles to the density of the liquid.

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