Rubber-Lined Equipment. Fundamental Principles of Design

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Hoover ◽  
H. C. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Steel Shell ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
New Material ◽  
Principles Of Design ◽  
Made In

Abstract IN 1924 a process known as Vulca-lock, discovered by chemists of The B. F. Goodrich Company, made possible the first successful steel tank car for hydrochloric acid service. The tank was lined with acid-resisting vulcanized rubber bonded to the steel shell with adhesion exceeding 500 pounds per square inch. A new material of chemical construction was thus made available in practical form. The resulting widespread and rapidly increasing use of rubber-lined equipment in the processing industries is well known. Basically, the value of such construction lies in properly combining the unique corrosion- and abrasion-resistant properties of rubber with the rigidity, strength, and adaptability of steel or other structural materials. It is essential, therefore, that chemical engineers be familiar with certain principles of design, upon which the successful use of rubber-lined equipment depends. No attempt will be made in this paper to define the broad field of usefulness or the limitations of rubber linings. The fact must be emphasized, however, that an extremely wide range of chemical and physical properties is available in commercial rubber compounds and that these compounds, like metals and alloys, are designed for specific uses.

Measurement of the Absorption of Oxygen by Vulcanized Rubber in Air

1939 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
A. G. Milligan ◽  
J. E. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Direct Measure ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Reasonable Time ◽  
Aging Period ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Made In

Abstract It is generally agreed that oxidation is the controlling factor in the decay of rubber compounds. Measurements of the decay of any physical properties—commonly tensile strength—can be made in a convenient time only if the decay is greatly accelerated, and there is always a grave doubt about the equality of the acceleration for different materials. There is also a difficulty in selecting a universally suitable aging period, since the decay of the physical properties is not linear. A direct measure of the rate of oxidation is, in our view, more fundamental and less equivocal. It can, moreover, be made in a reasonable time at a temperature not far removed from service temperatures. Again, whereas tensile tests require several samples of each point in the timecurve to give acceptable mean values, here a single sample suffices for the whole test, and this sample can be simply prepared from a specimen of any form by rasping. The merits and simplicity of the method should commend it to rubber technologists.

Nonlinearity in the Dynamic Properties of Vulcanized Rubber Compounds

1954 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Fletcher ◽  
A. N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Simple Shear ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Static Shear

Abstract Measurements are described of the dynamic properties of rubber, loaded with various amounts and types of filler, when subjected to mechanical vibration in simple shear at amplitudes from 0 to 3 per cent shear in the frequency range 20 to 120 c.p.s. The decrease of dynamic modulus with increasing amplitude is shown, for a wide range of filler types and concentrations, to be determined by the amount of stiffening produced by the filler. This relationship is not influenced by variations in the vulcanizing ingredients, reasonable variations in state of vulcanization, addition of softener, or imposition of static shear strain. Rubber compounds stiffened by mixture with, or chemical combination of, other polymers exhibit a smaller order of nonlinearity than that described above and also exhibit much lower hysteresis values within the amplitude range 0 to 3 per cent shear.

High Temperature Vulcanization of Elastomers

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Bhowmick ◽  
R. Mukhopadhyay ◽  
S. K. De
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Microwave Curing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Made In

Abstract Vulcanization is a process which decreases the plastic properties of rubber while maintaining or improving the elastic properties. The term vulcanization has been applied in the past mainly to the reaction of rubber with sulfur, but now is generally used for the process which results in changes in properties, by sulfur or some other agent. There are four principal changes brought about by vulcanization: (1) rubber is changed from essentially a plastic to a non-plastic material; (2) rubber is changed from a material soluble in a number of solvents to one which is insoluble; (3) rubber is changed to a material with greatly improved physical properties; (4) these properties of vulcanized rubber are maintained over a much wider range of temperature than those of unvulcanized rubber. What is meant by high vulcanizing temperature? There is no unique answer. About 160°C can be taken conveniently as the lower limit; this temperature has been suggested as the highest suitable for some normally compounded sulfur curing rubbers. The upper limit may be 220°C, above which the polymer may begin to degrade. The range in practice extends up to about 250°C in fluid beds and salt baths. Practical vulcanization processes apply heat to the outside of the article being cured and rely on the conduction of heat to the inside. Since no drastic change can be made in the thermal conductivity of practical rubber compounds by compounding modifications, higher temperature is a common method of achieving faster vulcanization. Higher curing temperatures are used in the newer curing or molding processes such as injection molding, the liquid curing medium (LCM) process, and microwave curing.

ANACONDA ALLOY 268

Alloy Digest ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Zinc Alloy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Cold Worked

Abstract ANACONDA Alloy 268 is a copper-zinc alloy with excellent cold-working properties; it can be cold worked by all the conventional fabrication processes. Its corrosion resistance is excellent-to-good in most environments. This alloy has a wide range of applications including items such as springs, bathroom fixtures, automotive radiators, lamp sockets and sanitary traps. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-442. Producer or source: Anaconda American Brass Company.

HASTELLOY ALLOY B-2 WELDING PRODUCTS

Alloy Digest ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Nickel Base Alloy ◽  
Nickel Base

Abstract HASTELLOY ALLOY B-2 is a nickel-base alloy with excellent resistance to hydrochloric acid at all concentrations and temperatures. Base metal data is available in Alloy Digest Ni-249, September 1977 This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on joining. Filing Code: Ni-425. Producer or source: Haynes International Inc.

DURICHLOR 51M

Alloy Digest ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Silicon Iron ◽  
Chlorine Gas ◽  
High Silicon

Abstract Durichlor 51M is a high silicon iron for corrosive services, especially in the handling of hydrochloric acid in all concentrations. It is also very resistant to most chlorine gas and many destructive chloride-containing solutions. The alloy is treated at melting by argon ladle degassing. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, tensile properties, and compressive strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as machining and joining. Filing Code: FE-109. Producer or source: The Duriron Company Inc.

DURICHLOR 51 SUPERCHLOR

Alloy Digest ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Silicon Iron ◽  
Chlorine Gas ◽  
High Silicon

Abstract DURICHLOR 51 SUPERCHLOR is a vacuum treated high silicon iron for corrosive services, especially in the handling of hydrochloric acid in all concentrations. It is also very resistant to most chlorine gas and many destructive chloride-containing solutions. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, tensile properties, and compressive strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as machining and joining. Filing Code: FE-98. Producer or source: The Duriron Company Inc.

CENTRI-CAST GRAY IRON 50

Alloy Digest ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Gray Iron ◽  
Centrifugally Cast ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nominal Tensile Strength ◽  
Cast Gray Iron

Abstract CENTRI-CAST GRAY IRON 50 is a centrifugally cast gray iron with a nominal tensile strength of 50,000 psi. It is cast in the form of tubing which has a wide range of uses in applications where size and shape are of paramount importance and freedom from pattern cost is an important consideration. Among its many applications are farm machinery, seals, bushings, machine tools and general machinery uses. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on casting, heat treating, machining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CI-51. Producer or source: Federal Bronze Products Inc..

CENTRI-CAST GRAY IRON 55

Alloy Digest ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Gray Iron ◽  
Centrifugally Cast ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nominal Tensile Strength ◽  
Cast Gray Iron

Abstract CENTRI-CAST GRAY IRON 55 is a centrifugally cast gray iron with a nominal tensile strength of 55,000 psi. It is produced in the form of tubing which has a wide range of uses in applications where size and shape are of paramount importance and freedom from pattern cost is an important consideration. Typical applications are seals, bushings, farm machinery, casings and general machinery uses. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on casting, heat treating, machining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CI-48. Producer or source: Federal Bronze Products Inc..

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