Concerning the Alleged Absorption of Gaseous Nitrogen by Benzene Solutions of Rubber and Gutta-Percha Hydrocarbons

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-254
Author(s):  
Louis B. Howard ◽  
Guido E. Hilbert
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Heating Effect ◽  
Gaseous Nitrogen ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Practical Standpoint

Abstract Experiments described by de Jong have been interpreted as indicating that dilute benzene solutions of rubber or gutta-percha hydrocarbon from sheet balata, when exposed to sunlight for a few days in either quartz or ordinary glass vessels, absorb gaseous nitrogen in appreciable amounts. If such a photochemical combination of rubber and nitrogen actually occurs, one might reasonably expect other unsaturated hydrocarbons containing isoprene units such as carotene and xanthophyll to behave similarly. These substances which always are found closely associated with chlorophyll in green plants possess physiological functions which, as yet, remain quite obscure. It therefore seemed of very great importance from both a theoretical and a practical standpoint to attempt to confirm these results of de Jong. In the present study the experimental procedure of the original investigation was followed as closely as the description of the work allowed. Several variable factors, such as temperature, barometric pressure, vapor pressure of the benzene solutions, and the heating effect of sealing the tubes, were controlled. In one experiment Pyrex tubes of 150-cc, capacity were filled with 100 cc. of nitrogen gas and 50 cc. of benzene solutions containing about 0.5% of either pale crepe rubber or balata. After sealing, these tubes and a benzene control were exposed to direct sunlight during the summer for various lengths of time up to five weeks. At the end of the tests the changes in volume of the nitrogen in the tubes containing the rubber solutions differed from that of the benzene control by a maximum of 0.5 cc. which was found to be about the limit of experimental error.

Velocity of sound isotherms in liquid krypton and xenon

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (22) ◽  
pp. 3477-3482 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Lim ◽  
D. H. Bowman ◽  
Ronald A. Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Corresponding States ◽  
Suitable Choice ◽  
Velocity Of Sound ◽  
Molecular Parameters ◽  
Triple Points ◽  
Atomic Radii

The velocity of sound was measured with a precision of 0.1% in liquid krypton and xenon at pressures between the vapor pressure and about 65 atm, from near their triple points to near their critical points.A corresponding states treatment of these measurements and previous results in argon showed that, with a suitable choice of relative molecular parameters (σ,ε), the W*(P*,T*) surfaces were coincident to within the experimental error, except for argon near the critical temperature.The relative values of the effective atomic radii σ obtained from this analysis were somewhat lower than those obtained from other thermodynamic properties.

Rate of lung collapse after airway occlusion on 100% O2 at various ambient pressures

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Robertson ◽  
Leon E. Farhi
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Water Vapor Pressure ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Lung Collapse ◽  
Oxygen Breathing ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Time Required

The volume, time, and rate of collapse of the lungs following tracheal occlusion were studied in rats breathing O2 at ambient pressures between 1,520 mm (2 atm) and 190 mm (equivalent to 33,000 ft altitude). Theoretical calculations and experimental data show that 1) the rate of lung collapse is directly related to the O2 uptake and inversely related to the barometric pressure minus the sum of alveolar CO2 and water vapor pressure, and 2) the total time required for producing complete lung collapse is proportional to the lung volume at the time of occlusion and to the barometric pressure minus the sum of alveolar CO2 and water vapor pressure and inversely proportional to the O2 uptake. In both these relationships, lung volume is expressed at BTPS, while the O2 uptake is at STPD. The collapse time, with the lungs occluded at functional residual capacity dropped from 22.6 sec at sea level to 3.5 sec at 190 mm Hg. The rate of collapse was found to remain essentially constant during any experiment, as could be predicted from the analysis of the factors involved. The time required for collapse, in any species, at any lung volume and Vo2, can be determined with a nomogram. atelectasis; altitude; oxygen breathing; gas resorption; O2 stores Submitted on July 7, 1964

Atmospheric and Alveolar Pressures

2011 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
James R. Munis
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Pressure ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Alveolar Oxygen ◽  
Inspired Oxygen

What you need to know, either to study altitude physiology or to monitor patients in the operating room or intensive care unit, is how to calculate alveolar oxygen pressure (PAO2) and how to compare that calculated value with the measured arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2). ‘P’ denotes pressure, of course (measured in mm Hg or torr, unless otherwise noted). Small capital ‘A’ denotes alveolar. Lowercase ‘a’ represents arterial. ‘PB’ is barometric pressure. ‘R’ is the respiratory quotient, which is simply the ratio of CO2 produced by the body divided by the amount of O2 consumed. ‘PH2O’ is the vapor pressure of water. FIO2 is the fraction of inspired O2, with 1.0 equivalent to 100% inspired oxygen. PIO2 is the partial pressure of inspired oxygen. This difference (PAO2 -PaO2), also termed AaDO2, gives an estimate of how efficiently the lungs are oxygenating the blood. There are several physiologic causes of hypoxemia. Hypoventilation, lowered PIO2, and lowered PB will not increase AaDO2 . The other 3 will.

scholarly journals Factors of gas accumulations formation in oil-bearing sediments and in casing annulus of wells

Georesursy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Rinat R. Khasanov ◽  
Rinat I. Safuanov ◽  
Vladislav A. Sudakov ◽  
Damir I. Khassanov ◽  
Bulat G. Ganiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Nitrogen ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Gaseous Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Oilfield Development ◽  
Gas Component

Gas component study is one of the important tasks of petroleum geology. Gas component can exist in various forms in sedimentary rocks. Of great interest is nitrogen, the gaseous accumulations of which are formed in oil-bearing strata, causing complications during the oilfield development. The problem of abnormal nitrogen accumulations had great relevance in the fields of the Volga-Ural petroleum province, which is one of the long-term developed with a large stock of wells for various purposes. This article discusses possible sources of gaseous nitrogen and the reasons for its accumulations in oil-bearing reservoirs. The main purpose of the article is to clarify the reasons for the gaseous nitrogen and its deposits formation. The main patterns of the areal distribution of nitrogen gas accumulations in oil-bearing strata are revealed on the basis of field, hydrogeological, geological and geophysical researches data analysis. It has been established that during the gas caps formation, the source of gaseous nitrogen is its dissolved compounds in groundwater and oil, biochemical decomposition of which leads to the dissolved molecular nitrogen accumulation in a liquid medium. The release of free gaseous nitrogen and the formation of its accumulations is associated with the decompression of formation waters for natural (geological) or man-made reasons (hydrocarbons extraction). Disturbance of the natural hydrodynamic regime in oil-bearing formations leads to the release of gaseous nitrogen and the formation of its accumulations under favorable conditions (the presence of reservoirs, structures and impermeable rocks in the top of the formation).

Cation transport in gaseous nitrogen: density and temperature effects

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshinori Wada ◽  
Norman Gee ◽  
Gordon R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Cation Transport ◽  
Polarization Potential ◽  
Gaseous Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Low Energies ◽  
Body Potential

The density-normalized mobility of nμ of cations in nitrogen gas at densities up to nc = 6.7 × 1027 molecules/m3 increases with temperature. At n ≤ 5.7 × 1025 molecules/m3 and T > 250 K, the dominating ion is N4+. At lower temperatures and higher densities, relatively loosely bound clusters N4+(N2), N4+(N2)2, … form. Momentum transfer cross sections for N4+–N2 are governed at low energies by the polarization potential, and at high energies by the hard body potential. The cross section for N2+–N2 at high energies is larger than that for N4+–N2.

Field experiments of factorial design

1938 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recent Innovation

A recent paper by A. E. Brandt (1937) goes into the details of a type of design in field experimental procedure, where two or more factors are under examination, which has been much elaborated since 1928, when the first 2 × 2 × 2 experiment, involving two levels of each of three factors, nitrogen, potash and phosphate, was carried out at Woburn (Rothamst. Rep. 1927–8) with four-fold replication. Similar experiments, of the 3 × 2 × 2 type, had in fact been conducted at Rothamsted (Rep. 1925–6) two years earlier, but there was here the further complication that no differentiation was possible for two of the factors at one level (no manure) of the third. Details have been given by Fisher (1937) and Yates (1937) of, among others, experiments of the 2n and 3 × 2n types, and it may be said that the recent work has been in the direction of systematizing the lay-out and analysis of such experiments. Further features have been the device of confounding, which dates back to 1927 (Rothamst. Rep. 1927–8), i.e. it is almost contemporaneous with the first introduction by Fisher of randomized blocks and Latin square experiments, and the suggestion that replication may even be dispensed with entirely, a much more recent innovation. Confounding is a method of enlarging the number of blocks between which elimination of soil heterogeneity is possible by sacrificing information on certain of the higher-order interactions, which are considered unlikely to be real effects; with absence of replication an estimate of the experimental error is found by grouping together a number of these higher-order interactions.

scholarly journals THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF DOG'S BLOOD AT BODY TEMPERATURE

1928 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Grollman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Dynamic Method ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
Point Data

The vapor pressures of dog's blood and blood plasma were determined at 37.5° by the dynamic method and the osmotic pressures calculated from the experimental data. The vapor pressures calculated from experimentally determined freezing point data agreed, within the experimental error, with the values obtained from direct measurement. The vapor pressure lowering produced by the colloid constituents of the blood was also determined and found to be minimal compared to that of the other constituents.

Production of gaseous nitrogen compounds in a novel process for ammonium removal

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Green ◽  
N. Denekamp ◽  
O. Lahav ◽  
S. Tarre
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Nitrogen Losses ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Gaseous Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Ammonium Removal

The production of gaseous nitrogen compounds, particularly the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide, was investigated in a novel process for ammonium removal from wastewater. The process is based on the adsorption of ammonium on zeolite followed by bioregeneration. The zeolite serves the dual purpose of an ion exchanger and a physical carrier for nitrifying bacteria which bio-regenerate the ammonium saturated mineral. An analysis of the nitrifying population composition in the reactor fed with simulated secondary effluent (NH4+ = 50 mg/l) revealed that about half of the bacteria in the biofilm were common ammonium oxidizers Nitrosococcus mobilis and Nitrosomonas, while the other half were nitrite oxidizers. The amount of nitrogen losses, under different conditions, and the identification of the emitted gases (N2 or N2O) were investigated in two sets of experiments: (I) batch experiments using biomass originating from the ion exchange reactor with and without the addition of nitrite, and (II) continuous experiments using the ion exchange reactor with zeolite as the biomass carrier. In the batch experiments, nitrite and oxygen concentrations were determined as the major parameters responsible for the formation of gaseous nitrogen gas during ammonia oxidation by autotrophic bacteria. Continuous experiments showed that the major parameter significantly affecting nitrogen losses was the amount of ammonium adsorbed by the zeolite during the ion exchange phase. The amount of ammonium adsorbed determines the ammonium concentration during the initial period of bioregeneration, which in turn directly influences oxygen demand and the resulting concentrations of oxygen and nitrite. It was concluded that the formation of nitrogen gas compounds in the ion exchange/bioregeneration process can be eliminated by adjusting the operational regime to have a shorter adsorption phase resulting in smaller amounts of ammonium adsorbed per cycle.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document