Fractal Structures in Carbon Black Reinforced Rubbers

1995 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Klüppel ◽  
Gert Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Gel Point ◽  
Cluster Growth ◽  
Fractal Structures ◽  
Restricted Mobility ◽  
Secondary Carbon

Abstract This paper considers the fractal nature of primary and secondary carbon black aggregates in rubber and the implications for the mechanical and electrical properties of rubber goods. In particular, the effects of dispersion and primary aggregate breakup during mixing are investigated. Founded on recent studies of the disordered growth processes of colloids, a model concerning formation, structure and properties of tenuous secondary carbon black aggregates (clusters) in rubber is formulated. We distinguish between two different mechanisms of cluster growth at carbon black concentrations ϕ below and above the gel point ϕ** of the filler network. For ϕ≤ϕ**, the restricted mobility of the dispersed primary aggregates governs the cluster growth and neighboring clusters are seperated by a rubber-specific minimum distance d0. These gaps between neighboring clusters are joined together in a bond percolation model that determines the conductivity in a transition regime ϕ*≤ϕ≤ϕ** above the electrical percolation threshold ϕ*. The mechanical action of carbon black clusters below the gel point ϕ** is estimated by a hydrodynamical amplification factor that is related to a rigidy condition for the clusters. At sufficient large filler concentration for ϕ≥ϕ**, the restricted mobility of primary aggregates in the rubber matrix is insignificant for the cluster growth and a kinetic cluster by cluster aggregation (CCA) process is applied. The resulting fractal carbon black network corresponds to a spacefilling configuration of CCA-clusters. From this network structure, a scaling invariant power law arises for the small-strain modulus as function of carbon black concentration. The conductivity in the networking regime ϕ≥ϕ** shows a typical power law behavior that is implied by an anomalous diffusion of the charge carriers on the fractal clusters. For the frequency dependence of the conductivity a cross-over to a power law regime at large frequencies results. The predicted properties of carbon black filled rubbers are discussed in the framework of experimental results taken from different authors.

A Broad-Line NMR Investigation of Isoprene Rubber Filled with Carbon Black

1976 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1182-1192
Author(s):  
L. G. Svensson ◽  
S. E. Svanson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Segmental Motion ◽  
Broad Line ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Critical Loading ◽  
Restricted Mobility ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Isoprene Rubber

Abstract The results of NMR measurements on IR filled with various carbon blacks lead to the following conclusions. The rubber matrix is a heterogeneous system characterized by two rubber phases of different chain mobilities. One phase is almost similar to unfilled IR at the temperature of measurement, while the properties of the other are nearly identical to those of pure IR at a lower temperature. The following observations apply to the phase with restricted mobility : 1. The quantities of rubber and carbon black in this phase are proportional below a critical loading, which supports the assumption that immobilization is limited to the immediate surroundings of the filler aggregates. The critical loading varies with structure and defines the packing density above which the formation of a coherent gel becomes important. 2. The rubber content decreases with rising temperature, showing that the activation energy for the onset of segmental motion varies within the phase. The mobility of the rubber chains directly bound to the surface is restricted even far above the glass transition temperature. 3. The degree of immobilization varies with temperature but is mostly independent of carbon black type and loading. 4. The actual distribution of immobilized rubber within an aggregate is not completely known, but some evidence exists for the immobilization of a thin surface layer as well as parts of the occluded rubber. A considerable immobilized rubber fraction is independent of surface area and structure.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Chloroprene/Natural/Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposite Properties Using Organoclays and Their Combination with Carbon Black as Fillers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Patricia Castaño-Rivera ◽  
Isabel Calle-Holguín ◽  
Johanna Castaño ◽  
Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas ◽  
Karen Galvez-Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

Organoclay nanoparticles (Cloisite® C10A, Cloisite® C15) and their combination with carbon black (N330) were studied as fillers in chloroprene/natural/butadiene rubber blends to prepare nanocomposites. The effect of filler type and load on the physical mechanical properties of nanocomposites was determined and correlated with its structure, compatibility and cure properties using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and rheometric analysis. Physical mechanical properties were improved by organoclays at 5–7 phr. Nanocomposites with organoclays exhibited a remarkable increase up to 46% in abrasion resistance. The improvement in properties was attributed to good organoclay dispersion in the rubber matrix and to the compatibility between them and the chloroprene rubber. Carbon black at a 40 phr load was not the optimal concentration to interact with organoclays. The present study confirmed that organoclays can be a reinforcing filler for high performance applications in rubber nanocomposites.

Wet compounding with pyrolytic carbon black from waste tyre for manufacture of new tyre – A mini review

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110047
Author(s):  
Junqing Xu ◽  
Jiaxue Yu ◽  
Wenzhi He ◽  
Juwen Huang ◽  
Junshi Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Pyrolytic Carbon ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Nano Materials ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Waste Tyres ◽  
Dry Mixing ◽  
Waste Tyre

Pyrolysis offers a more focused alternative to waste tyres treatment. Pyrolytic carbon black (CBp), the main product of waste tyre pyrolysis, and its modified species can be applied to tyre manufacturing realizing its high-value utilization. Modified pyrolytic carbon black/natural rubber composites prepared by a wet compounding (WC) and latex mixing process have become an innovative technology route for waste tyre remanufacturing. The main properties and applications of CBp reported in recent years are reviewed, and the main difficulties affecting its participation in tyre recycling are pointed out. The research progress of using WC technology to replace dry mixing manufacturing of new tyres is summarized. Through literature data and comparative studies, this paper points out that the characteristic of high ash content can be well utilized if CBp is applied to tyre manufacturing. This mini-review proposes a new method for high-value utilization of CBp. The composite mixing of CBp and carbon nano-materials under wet conditions is conducive to the realization of their good dispersion in the rubber matrix. This provides a new idea for customer resource integration and connection of industry development between the tyre production industry and waste tyre disposal management.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Physical-Mechanical Characteristics of Rubber Composites Filled with Manganese-Zinc Ferrite and Carbon Black

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 616
Author(s):  
Ján Kruželák ◽  
Andrea Kvasničáková ◽  
Klaudia Hložeková ◽  
Rastislav Dosoudil ◽  
Marek Gořalík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Zinc Ferrite ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Manganese Zinc Ferrite

In the present work, composite materials were prepared by incorporation of manganese-zinc ferrite, carbon black and combination of ferrite and carbon black into acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR). For cross-linking of composites, standard sulfur-based curing system was applied. The main goal was to investigate the influence of the fillers on the physical-mechanical properties of composites. Then, the electromagnetic absorption shielding ability was investigated in the frequency range 1 MHz–3 GHz. The results revealed that composites filled with ferrite provide sufficient absorption shielding performance in the tested frequency range. On the other hand, ferrite behaves as an inactive filler and deteriorates the physical-mechanical characteristics of composites. Carbon black reinforces the rubber matrix and contributes to the improvement of physical-mechanical properties. However, composites filled with carbon black are not able to absorb electromagnetic radiation in the given frequency range. Finally, the combination of carbon black and ferrite resulted in the modification of both physical-mechanical characteristics and absorption shielding ability of hybrid composites.

Quantifying dielectric and microwave absorption properties of barium titanate and strontium ferrite filled polymer composites

2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112096750
Author(s):  
Alper Kasgoz
Keyword(s):  
Barium Titanate ◽  
Microwave Absorption ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Strontium Ferrite ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Power Law Model ◽  
Dielectric Parameters ◽  
Composite Samples

In the present study, dielectric and microwave absorbing properties of barium titanate (BaTiO3) and strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) filled thermoplastic polyurethane composites were investigated. The variations of the dielectric parameters of the BaTiO3 filled composite samples with filler concentration were also modeled and simulated by the power-law model to predict dielectric coefficients of the samples for higher filler concentrations. Comparing the prediction of the Power-law model and experimental measured dielectric values indicate that the Power-law model predicts dielectric parameters of the composite with acceptable accuracy. Microwave absorption analyses of the composite samples showed that SrFe12O19 is more effective than BaTiO3 on the enhancement of microwave absorption capability of TPU. The hybrid composite samples that contained both SrFe12O19 and BaTiO3 were also prepared, and their microwave absorption performance was evaluated. It was observed that much lower RL values than that of the composite samples, which were filled SrFe12O19 or BaTiO3 could be obtained by the hybrid composites. However, absorption bandwidth of them was narrower than counterparts that contained the same amount of SrFe12O19.

scholarly journals Magnetic composites based on NR and strontium ferrite

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Ján Kruželák ◽  
Andrea Kvasničáková ◽  
Rastislav Dosoudil ◽  
Ivan Hudec
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Strontium Ferrite ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Magnetic Composites ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Cross Link Density ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Thermo Physical Properties

Abstract Two types of composites based on natural rubber (NR) and strontium ferrite were tested in this study. Composites of the first type were prepared by incorporation of strontium ferrite in the concentration range ranging from 0 to 100 phr (parts per hundred rubber) into pure NR based rubber matrix, while with those of the second type, strontium ferrite was dosed in the same concentration level into NR based rubber batch with constant amount of carbon black — 25 phr. For rubber matrices cross-linking, a standard sulfur based curing system was used. This work is focused on the effect of magnetic filler content on physico-mechanical, magnetic and thermo-physical properties of composite materials. Subsequently, the cross-link density and the structure of the formed sulfidic cross-links were examined. The results showed that the cross-link density of both types of composites increased with the increasing content of magnetic filler, while the structure of the sulfidic cross-links was almost not influenced by the amount of strontium ferrite. Tensile strength of rubber composites with pure rubber matrix was slightly improved by the incorporation of ferrite, while in case of composites based on a carbon black batch, the incorporation of magnetic filler resulted in the decrease of this characteristic. The presence of magnetic filler in both types of composites leads to a significant increase of the remanent magnetic induction.

The Fractal Dimensions of Carbon-Black-Filled Polymers and Elastomers. Part 2. The Fractal Dimensions of Carbon-Black-Filled Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 143-145
Author(s):  
A.E. Chalykh ◽  
V.K. Gerasimov ◽  
O.V. Gorshkova ◽  
V.V. Matveev
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Fractal Structures ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Filled Polymers ◽  
Dispersed Systems ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation

Values of the fractal dimensions, characterising the internal structure and mechanisms of structure formation of dispersed systems, were obtained. The obtained dependences for individual clusters and images as a whole are linear in log–log coordinates. The slope of the dependences varies in the range 1.38–1.82. The obtained dependences can be divided into two groups: for systems with a low filler content (up to 10%) and for systems with a high filler content (over 15%), and accordingly with relatively low (up to 1.5) and high fractal dimensions and different (cluster–cluster and cluster–particle) mechanisms of formation of fractal structures. The influence of radiation dose (7–60 Mrad) on the structure and fractal dimensions of systems was investigated. Using the concept of fractal dimensions, the combined state of carbon black aggregates is described. It is shown that the fractal dimensions of dispersed systems filled with carbon black depend on their preparation and exposure to external effects.

On Higher-Order Crack-Tip Fields in Creeping Solids

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Nguyen ◽  
P. R. Onck ◽  
E. van der Giessen
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Single Edge ◽  
Constraint Effect ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
Crack Tip Fields ◽  
Asymptotic Development ◽  
Loading Parameter

In view of the near-tip constraint effect imposed by the geometry and loading configuration, a creep fracture analysis based on C* only is generally not sufficient. This paper presents a formulation of higher-order crack-tip fields in steady power-law creeping solids which can be derived from an asymptotic development of near-tip fields analogous to that of Sharma and Aravas and Yang et al. for elastoplastic bodies. The higher-order fields are controlled by a parameter named A2*, similar as in elastoplasticity, and a second loading parameter, σ∞. By means of the scaling properties for power-law materials, it is shown that A2* for a flat test specimen is independent of the loading level. Finally, we carry out small-strain finite element analyses of creep in single-edge notched tension, centered crack panel under tension, and single-edge notched bending specimens in order to determine the corresponding values of A2* for mode I cracks under plane-strain conditions. [S0021-8936(00)01202-2]

Numerical Simulation for Mechanical Behavior of Carbon Black Filler Particle Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Qing Li ◽  
Xiao Xiang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Plane Stress ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Filler Particle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Dimensional Plane

In this paper, the micromechanical finite element method based on Representative Volume Element has been applied to study and analyze the macro mechanical properties of the carbon black filled rubber composites by using two-dimensional plane stress simulations and three-dimensional axisymmetric simulations under uniaxial compression respectively. The dependence of the macroscopic stress-strain behavior and the effective elastic modulus of the composites, on particle shape, particle area/volume fraction and particle stiffness has been investigated and discussed. Additionally, the simulation results of the two-dimensional plane stress model and the three-dimensional axisymmetric model are evaluated and compared with the experimental data, which shows that the two-dimensional plane stress simulations generate poor predictions on the mechanical behavior of the carbon black particle reinforced rubber composites, while the three-dimensional axisymmetric simulations appear to give a better prediction.

Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. I. Influence of Fillers on the Degree of Crosslinking of Natural Rubber

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Contact Surface ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Carbon Blacks

Abstract The relation between the degree of crosslinking determined by means of swelling and the theoretical total contact surface of rubber to carbon black was investigated with vulcanizates of two elastomers which were cured by various vulcanization methods and using various concentrations—even extremely high ones—of carbon blacks with different specific surface, degrees of chain structure and chemical activities. A constant, α, the magnitude of which generally depends upon the degree of agglomeration of the carbon blacks and on the chemical nature of their surface as well as on the polymers used and the vulcanization method, but which is practically unrelated to the filler concentration, has been proposed to express the relative crosslinking activity of carbon blacks.

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