Direct Characterization of Tire Materials by Photoacoustical Infrared and Proton Induced X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 836-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter H. Waddell ◽  
James R. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Polymer Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Road ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
No Sample Preparation

Abstract In an effort to find out if compound composition could help explain the observed differences in “chip/chunk tearing” on worn off-the-road tires from two manufacturers, direct characterizations were made on tread lugs from the two tires. Two nondestructive direct analytical methods were used. They are photoacoustical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PA-FTIR) and proton induced x-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE). These techniques were also used to examine a variety of rubber compounding ingredients, such as polymers and fillers, and model tire compounds containing different levels of these ingredients. PA-FTIR requires essentially no sample preparation. It was successfully used to determine the polymer structure and to suggest the nonblack filler type in highly loaded carbon-black filled, sulfur-cured compounds and in tire sections. The characterization was based upon structural information derived from vibrational band frequencies. Elemental information was obtained by using direct PIXE spectral analysis of polymers, fillers, and two worn off-the-road tire tread lugs. Again, no sample preparation was needed and quantitative information was obtained on the elements present. Results show that the tire that did not display a tear problem was manufactured with a cushion (tread base) and a tread (cap), both containing silica at the 12–15 phr levels. The tire that had a visible chip/chunk problem was constructed with two layers of a very similar stock, but neither layer contains silica.

scholarly journals The Application of NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics in Authentication of Spices

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Barbara Pacholczyk-Sienicka ◽  
Grzegorz Ciepielowski ◽  
Łukasz Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Chemometric Analysis ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
No Sample Preparation

Spices and herbs are among the most commonly adulterated food types. This is because spices are widely used to process food. Spices not only enhance the flavor and taste of food, but they are also sources of numerous bioactive compounds that are significantly beneficial for health. The healing effects of spices are connected with their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and carminative properties. However, regular consumption of adulterated spices may cause fatal damage to our system because adulterants in most cases are unhealthy. For that reason, the appropriate analytical methods are necessary for quality assurance and to ensure the authenticity of spices. Spectroscopic methods are gaining interest as they are fast, require little or no sample preparation, and provide rich structural information. This review provides an overview of the application of NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometric analysis to determine the quality and adulteration of spices.

scholarly journals Extracting structural information of Au colloids at ultra-dilute concentrations: identification of growth during nanoparticle immobilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 2546-2552 ◽  
Author(s):  
George F. Tierney ◽  
Donato Decarolis ◽  
Norli Abdullah ◽  
Scott M. Rogers ◽  
Shusaku Hayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Particle Growth ◽  
Au Nanoparticle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Colloidal Au ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Au Colloids

This paper describes the structural characterization of ultra-dilute colloidal Au nanoparticle solutions using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and the particle growth during immobilization.

Cu Kβ2,5 X-ray emission spectroscopy as a tool for characterization of monovalent copper compounds

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1882 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Vegelius ◽  
K. O. Kvashnina ◽  
M. Klintenberg ◽  
I. L. Soroka ◽  
S. M. Butorin
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Copper Compounds

Characterization of Polyquinoline Blends Using Small Angle Scattering

1989 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Li Wu ◽  
John K. Stille ◽  
Joseph W. Tsang ◽  
Alex J. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Flexible Chain ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Molecular Dispersion ◽  
Angle Scattering ◽  
Scattering Measurements ◽  
Rigid Rod ◽  
Scattering Contribution

ABSTRACTTo determine the compatibility between the rigid rod and the flexible chain polyquinolines, both small angle x-ray and neutron scattering measurements were conducted on blends containing deuterated flexible chains. The scattering intensities from both x-ray and neutron were reduced to their absolute scales in order to remove the scattering contribution from microvoids which tended to overshadow the signal of molecular origin. Quantitative information regarding the molecular dispersion in a 50/50 rigid rod and flexible chain blend was obtained. The result indicated that this material was partially segregated but not to the point of single component phases.

scholarly journals Crystallization and preliminary X-ray characterization of the eukaryotic replication terminator Reb1–Ter DNA complex

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Jaiswal ◽  
Samarendra K. Singh ◽  
Deepak Bastia ◽  
Carlos R. Escalante
Keyword(s):  
Replication Fork ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Transcription Termination ◽  
Replication Forks ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Dna Complex

The Reb1 protein fromSchizosaccharomyces pombeis a member of a family of proteins that control programmed replication termination and/or transcription termination in eukaryotic cells. These events occur at naturally occurring replication fork barriers (RFBs), where Reb1 binds to termination (Ter) DNA sites and coordinates the polar arrest of replication forks and transcription approaching in opposite directions. The Reb1 DNA-binding and replication-termination domain was expressed inEscherichia coli, purified and crystallized in complex with a 26-mer DNA Ter site. Batch crystallization under oil was required to produce crystals of good quality for data collection. Crystals grew in space groupP21, with unit-cell parametersa= 68.9,b= 162.9,c= 71.1 Å, β = 94.7°. The crystals diffracted to a resolution of 3.0 Å. The crystals were mosaic and required two or three cycles of annealing. This study is the first to yield structural information about this important family of proteins and will provide insights into the mechanism of replication and transcription termination.

Defect structure and chemistry of (Ca x Sr 1-x ) n+1 Ti n 0 3n+1 layer perovskites

1991 ◽  
Vol 336 (1644) ◽  
pp. 541-569 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Oxide Superconductors ◽  
Orthorhombic Symmetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
The Stability

The Ruddlesden-Popper structural family is constructed from ordered intergrowths of rocksalt type (AX) layers with perovskite (ABX 3 ) blocks of varying widths, yielding phases with the general formula n ABX 3 AX where 1 < n < ∞ In this article, the characterization of (Ca x Sr 1-x ) n+1 Ti n O 3n+1 layer perovskites by powder X-ray and neutron diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy is described. These phases undergo a phase transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic symmetry at x = 0.65. Structure solutions of neutron diffraction data are presented for the end-member phases Sr 3 Ti 2 O 7 (I4/mmm), Ca 3 Ti 2 O 7 (Ccm2 1 ) and Ca 4 Ti 3 O 10 (Pcab). Refinement of the mixed alkaline earth preparation (Ca 0.85 Sr 0.15 ) 4 Ti 3 O 10 showed that Sr partitioned preferentially to the perovskite blocks rather than the rocksalt layers. Ordered and disordered intergrowths of rocksalt layers were found on the{101} orth = {100} tet perovskite planes with extensive disorder most prevalent in samples annealed for short periods (less than 24 hours). Evidence is presented for the existence of V"A and V"," point defects in the intermediate structures that precede the formation of ordered layer sequences. These data are discussed in terms of existing thermodynamic and structural information. For generalized Ruddlesden Popper phases the relation between chemistry and symmetry is reviewed and factors contributing to the stability of different n -members enunciated. For completeness, the (Ca x Sr 1-x ) n+1 Ti n O 3n+1 perovskites are considered as the structural prototypes of the oxide superconductors being a subset of an extended n ABX 3 mAX Ruddlesden-Popper family.

scholarly journals Structure of Carbon Materials Explored by Local Transmission Electron Microscopy and Global Powder Diffraction Probes

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Jurkiewicz ◽  
Mirosława Pawlyta ◽  
Andrzej Burian
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Local Transmission

Transmission electron microscopy and neutron or X-ray diffraction are powerful techniques available today for characterization of the structure of various carbon materials at nano and atomic levels. They provide complementary information but each one has advantages and limitations. Powder X-ray or neutron diffraction measurements provide structural information representative for the whole volume of a material under probe but features of singular nano-objects cannot be identified. Transmission electron microscopy, in turn, is able to probe single nanoscale objects. In this review, it is demonstrated how transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray and neutron diffraction methods complement each other by providing consistent structural models for different types of carbons such as carbon blacks, glass-like carbons, graphene, nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and nanoonions.

scholarly journals Characterization of an imploding cylindrical plasma for electron transport studies using x-ray emission spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 023302 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dozières ◽  
S. Hansen ◽  
P. Forestier-Colleoni ◽  
C. McGuffey ◽  
D. Kawahito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cylindrical Plasma ◽  
Transport Studies
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