The Influence of Interstitial Liquids on the Cohesive Strength of Carbon-Black Agglomerates

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 928-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Horwatt ◽  
Syang-Peng Rwei ◽  
Ica Manas-Zloczower ◽  
Donald L. Feke
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cohesive Strength ◽  
Liquid Content ◽  
Strength Data ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Hamaker Constants

Abstract The influence of interstitial liquids on the cohesive strength of carbon black has been investigated. Calculations of effective Hamaker coefficients for the wet materials predicted order of magnitude decreases from the Hamaker constants for the dry materials. Tensile-strength data showed slight increases over the Hamaker constants for the dry materials. It is clear that further research is needed to elucidate the effects of liquid content and wettability.

Autoradiographic Technique with Carbon14 in Rubber

1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302
Author(s):  
A. D. Kirshenbaum ◽  
C. W. Hoffman ◽  
A. V. Grosse
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Strength Data ◽  
Autoradiographic Technique ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract The autoradiograph technique making use of carbon14 is useful in studying the carbon black distribution in rubber. It is superior to the photomicrographic technique in studying carbon black dispersion in rubber. Autoradiographs of different carbon black-rubber mixes (tensile strengths varying from 300 to 3300 pounds per square inch) showed visible variations in the carbon black distribution which closely agree with the tensile strength data, whereas photomicrographs of the same mixes showed no differences among the various mixes. The autoradiographic technique is also useful in tracking down carbon black agglomeration in rubber.

Effect of Diameter and Surface Area of Carbon Black Particles on Certain Properties of Rubber Compounds

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-474
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Carbon Structures ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract Carbon blacks can be grouped into different classes according to the way in which their fineness of division relates to different properties in rubber. Within any one class the principal properties vary in a regular manner with particle size. The normal class consists of the furnace carbons, Kosmos (Dixie)-40, Statex, the rubber-grade impingement carbons, and possibly, the color-grade impingement carbons. The subnormal classes consist of thermal carbons and acetylene and lamp blacks. Irrespective of the above classification, the properties which depend more on fineness of division than on other factors are rebound resilience, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and tear resistance. The lower limit of particle diameter for best tensile strength and tear resistance appears to be higher than that for abrasion resistance. B.S.I, hardness and electrical conductivity are properties which depend at least as much on other factors as on particle size. Stiffness (modulus) depends more on other factors than on particle size. Factors modifying the effects of particle size (or specific surface) include the presence of carbon-carbon structures and a reduction in strength of bond in rubber-carbon structures. Carbon black is thought to exist in rubber in four states: agglomerated, flocculated, dispersed, and bonded to the rubber molecules (the reënforcing fraction). Abrasion resistance is regarded as providing the only reliable measure of reënforcement.

Hyperelastic models for the description and simulation of rubber subjected to large tensile loading

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (108) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Q.H. Jebur ◽  
M.J. Jweeg ◽  
M. Al-Waily ◽  
H.Y. Ahmad ◽  
K.K. Resan
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Accurate Description ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Relative Percentage ◽  
Elastomeric Material ◽  
Tensile Data ◽  
Relative Percentage Error ◽  
Hyperelastic Models

Purpose: Rubber is widely used in tires, mechanical parts, and user goods where elasticity is necessary. Some essential features persist unsolved, primarily if they function in excessive mechanical properties. It is required to study elastomeric Rubber's performance, which is operational in high-level dynamic pressure and high tensile strength. These elastomeric aims to increase stress breaking and preserve highly pressurised tensile strength. Design/methodology/approach: The effects of carbon black polymer matrix on the tensile feature of different Rubber have been numerically investigated in this research. Rubber's material characteristics properties were measured using three different percentages (80%, 90%and 100%) of carbon black filler parts per Hundreds Rubber (pphr). Findings: This study found that the tensile strength and elongation are strengthened as the carbon black filler proportion increases by 30%. Practical implications: This research study experimental tests for Rubber within four hyperelastic models: Ogden's Model, Mooney-Rivlin Model, Neo Hooke Model, Arruda- Boyce Model obtain the parameters for the simulation of the material response using the finite element method (FEM) for comparison purposes. These four models have been extensively used in research within Rubber. The hyperelastic models have been utilised to predict the tensile test curves—the accurate description and prediction of elastomer rubber models. For four models, elastomeric material tensile data were used in the FEA package of Abaqus. The relative percentage error was calculated when predicting fitness in selecting the appropriate model—the accurate description and prediction of elastomer rubber models. For four models, elastomeric material tensile data were used in the FEA package of Abaqus. The relative percentage error was calculated when predicting fitness in selecting the appropriate model. Numerical Ogden model results have shown that the relative fitness error was the case with large strains are from 1% to 2.04%. Originality/value: In contrast, other models estimate parameters with fitting errors from 2.3% to 49.45%. The four hyperelastic models were tensile test simulations conducted to verify the efficacy of the tensile test. The results show that experimental data for the uniaxial test hyperelastic behaviour can be regenerated effectively as experiments. Ultimately, it was found that Ogden's Model demonstrates better alignment with the test data than other models.

Fluoroelastomer Applications for Pollution Control in the Automotive, Petrochemical, and Electric Power Industries

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1137-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Campbell ◽  
D. A. Stivers ◽  
R. E. Kolb
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Organic Peroxide ◽  
Exposed Surface ◽  
Chemical Attack ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Abstract The effects of percent fluorine, filler, and cure systems on the thermal and acid resistance of fluoroelastomers were evaluated over temperature ranges that would be typical of actual flue duct installations and accelerated conditions such as 275°C for thermal resistance and 149°C for concentrated sulfuric acid resistance. FKM 2176, which contains 65% fluorine by weight, became hard and brittle after two weeks of accelerated air aging at 275°C. The balance of physical properties of FKM 2176 were good when aged at 200°C. FKM 4894, which contains 67% fluorine by weight, retained useful properties after six weeks of accelerated air aging at 275°C. This indicates this material has improved properties for flue duct applications compared to FKM 2176. FKM 4894 filled with MT carbon black had improved retention of tensile strength after aging at 232°C relative to the FKM 4894 filled with SRF/HAF black, Austin Black and litharge. FKM 2176 was totally degraded after aging three days at 149°C in concentrated sulfuric acid. Aging of FKM 4894 in concentrated sulfuric acid at 149°C resulted in a loss of approximately 75 percent of the original tensile and an increase in the elongation, and the appearance of the exposed surface did not indicate chemical attack. Although FKM 4894 was superior to FKM 2176 when aged in sulfuric acid at 149°C, there was little difference between FKM 4894 and FKM 2176 when aged at 121 °C for up to four weeks or after eight weeks at 100°C in concentrated sulfuric acid. Austin Black showed the best retention of tensile of the four filler systems evaluated after aging at 100°C in concentrated sulfuric acid. FKM 4826, which contains 69% fluorine and is vulcanized using organic peroxide and triallyl isocyanurate, has indicated a compatibility with fiberglass that is superior to all fluorocarbon elastomer gums that were tested.

scholarly journals Tensile and Flexural Strength of Commercially Pure Titanium Submitted to Laser and Tungsten Inert Gas Welds

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 630-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Abdallah Atoui ◽  
Daniela Nair Borges Felipucci ◽  
Valeria Oliveira Pagnano ◽  
Iara Augusta Orsi ◽  
Mauro Antonio de Arruda Nobilo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Laser Welding ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Middle Point ◽  
Strength Data ◽  
Commercially Pure

This study evaluated the tensile and flexural strength of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds in specimens made of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) compared with laser welds. Sixty cylindrical specimens (2 mm diameter x 55 mm thick) were randomly assigned to 3 groups for each test (n=10): no welding (control), TIG welding (10 V, 36 A, 8 s) and Nd:YAG laser welding (380 V, 8 ms). The specimens were radiographed and subjected to tensile and flexural strength tests at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min using a load cell of 500 kgf applied on the welded interface or at the middle point of the non-welded specimens. Tensile strength data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test, and flexural strength data by the Kruskal-Wallis test (α=0.05). Non-welded specimens presented significantly higher tensile strength (control=605.84±19.83) (p=0.015) and flexural strength (control=1908.75) (p=0.000) than TIG- and laser-welded ones. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the welding types for neither the tensile strength test (TIG=514.90±37.76; laser=515.85±62.07) nor the flexural strength test (TIG=1559.66; laser=1621.64). As far as tensile and flexural strengths are concerned, TIG was similar to laser and could be suitable to replace laser welding in implant-supported rehabilitations.

scholarly journals Effects of alkanolamide addition on cure characteristics, crosslink density and tensile properties of carbon-black-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compounds

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 12006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

By using a semi-efficient sulphur vulcanisation system, the effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, crosslink density and tensile properties of carbon black (CB)-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds were investigated. The ALK was prepared from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin and diethanolamine and added into the CB-filled SBR compounds. The ALK loadings were 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that ALK decreased the scorch and cure times of the CB-filled SBR compounds. ALK also improved the tensile modulus and tensile strength; especially up to a 5.0 phr of loading. The crosslink density measurement proved that the 5.0 phr of ALK exhibited the highest degree of crosslink density which caused the highest in tensile modulus and tensile strength. Due to its plasticity effect, ALK increased the elongation at break of the CB-filled SBR vulcanisates.

scholarly journals Enhancement of the Thermomechanical Properties of a Fly Ash- and Carbon Black-Filled Polyvinyl Chloride Composite by Using Epoxidized Soybean Oil as a Secondary Bioplasticizer

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Toan Duy Nguyen ◽  
Chinh Thuy Nguyen ◽  
Van Thanh Thi Tran ◽  
Giang Vu Nguyen ◽  
Hai Viet Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Epoxidized Soybean Oil ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Elongation At Break

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was fabricated using epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) as a secondary bioplasticizer with dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The PVC/MFA/CB composites were prepared by melt mixing of the plasticized PVC with modified fly ash (MFA), carbon black N330 (CB), and polychloroprene (CR) in a Haake Rheomix mixer using a rotation speed of 50 rpm at 175°C for 6 min and then compressed by Toyoseiki pressure machine under 15 MPa. The effect of ESBO content on morphology, melt viscosity, tensile properties, and flame retardancy of PVC/MFA/CB composites was investigated. The obtained results showed that the incorporation of ESBO has significantly enhanced the processing ability, Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the PVC/MFA/CB composites. The torque of PVC/MFA/CB composites was increased to approximately 12% when 50 wt% of DOP was replaced by ESBO. When ESBO was 20 wt% in comparison with DOP weight, the elongation at break, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus of the composites were increased to 48%, 24%, and 4.5%, respectively. Correspondingly, thermogravimetric analysis results confirmed that ESBO had improved the thermostability of the PVC composites. The ESBO have potential as a secondary bioplasticizer replacement material for DOP owing to their better thermomechanical stability.

scholarly journals Effects of interface adhesive and resin cohesive strength on tensile strength of resin sand based on numerical analysis

China Foundry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 406-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-dong Ji ◽  
Zi-han Liu ◽  
Kai-dong Zheng ◽  
Jia-bo Li ◽  
Hai-xiao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Cohesive Strength
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