Electrical Conductivity and ESR Studies of Carbon-Black-Loaded Natural Rubber

1988 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muliawati G. Siswanto ◽  
Na Peng Bo ◽  
Parangtopo ◽  
H. Neubacher ◽  
L. C. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber

Dynamic Study of Reinforcement

1951 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-809
Author(s):  
J. R. S. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Compression Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Study ◽  
General Level ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Abstract The measurements were undertaken to obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of the reinforcement of rubber by carbon black. Results are given for the dynamic compression modulus and its temperature and amplitude coefficients, in the temperature range 30° to 70° C and at amplitudes of vibration around 0.0036 cm., for natural rubber, Neoprene Type GN, GR-S, and Perbunan. Data are also given on the effect of vibration and temperature on electrical conductivity. The results are discussed in relation to the general level of reinforcement. Evidence is given for the rupture of more than one type of cohesive bond in repeated cycles of vibration. A tentative system of analysis is proposed. The different effects of temperature and continuous vibration on dynamic modulus are attributed to a thixotropic breakdown in the case of vibration. The significance of such a “structure” dynamically hard at small amplitudes of vibration, is related to abrasion of tires in service.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

Rubber Fracture Characterization Using J-Integral

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Chow ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
P. N. Tse
Keyword(s):  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Fracture Parameter ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Specimen Length ◽  
Fracture Characterization ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Material Evaluation

Abstract The use of the J-integral to investigate fracture characterization in a carbon black reinforced natural rubber is described. Three applications to crack initiation are included: two based on the use of a hypothetical zero specimen length and one on conventional testing procedures for metals. While the validity of the zero-length methods is questionable, the conventional method yielded a consistent Jc value of 1.01 N/mm for a typical tire compound. This value was obtained from 24 combinations of varying specimen geometries and pre-crack lengths. The J-integral is revealed as a valid fracture parameter that is applicable not only for material evaluation but also for designing tire structures to resist premature failure. These conclusions disagree with those from an earlier investigation, so the causes for the discrepancies are examined and discussed.

Electrical conductivity and rheological properties of carbon black based conductive polymer composites prior to and after annealing

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110012
Author(s):  
Qingsen Gao ◽  
Jingguang Liu ◽  
Xianhu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Percolation Threshold ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Electrical Percolation ◽  
Electrical Percolation Threshold

The effect of annealing on the electrical and rheological properties of polymer (poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS)) composites filled with carbon black (CB) was investigated. For a composite with CB content near the electrical percolation threshold, the formation of conductive pathways during annealing has a significant impact on electrical conductivity, complex viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus. For the annealed samples, a reduction in the electrical and rheological percolation threshold was observed. Moreover, a simple model is proposed to explain these behaviors. This finding emphasizes the differences in network formation with respect to electrical or rheological properties as both properties belong to different physical origins.

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