Factors Affecting the Extrudate Swell and Melt Fracture Phenomena of Rubber Compounds

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean L. Leblanc
Keyword(s):  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Melt Fracture ◽  
Extrudate Swell ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Elastomeric Materials ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Extrudate Distortion

Abstract Post-extrusion swelling and extrudate distortion phenomena reveal the viscoelastic nature of elastomeric materials and are particularly critical in rubber processing. With the short dies used in the rubber industry, it is clear that extrudate swell depends not only on the rheological properties of the compounds, but also on the particular geometry of the extrusion system. Consequently, it is very difficult to compare laboratory results with the experience of industrial practice, because of the number and variety of extrusion processes. However, it is possible to draw some generally valid conclusions from the data currently available. The main factors affecting post-extrusion swelling and the critical conditions for the onset of extrudate distortion are: (1) the elastomer, its nature and molecular characteristics; (2) the filler, its grade and level; (3) the (cumulative) energy introduced into the rubber during the mixing operations; (4) the mixing procedure (particularly in blend preparation); (5) the temperature and shear conditions of the extrusion process. The use of sophisticated test instruments, such as the MPT enables the processability parameters of a compound to be rapidly obtained, which can often be used as a key to solve practical plant problems.

Effects of kaolin and maleic anhydride contents on melt elasticity and flexural behaviour of polypropylene/kaolin and unplasticised poly(vinyl chloride)/kaolin composites

e-Polymers ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ariffin ◽  
Z.M. Ariff ◽  
S.S. Jikan
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Melt Fracture ◽  
Extrudate Swell ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride

AbstractPolypropylene/kaolin and unplasticised poly(vinyl chloride)/kaolin composites were prepared by directly melt mixing polypropylene (PP) and unplasticised poly(vinyl chloride) (UPVC) with maleic anhydride (MAH) and low cost kaolin via in situ extrusion process. The influences of kaolin particles and MAH in PP and UPVC matrix were discussed through investigating the flexural and morphological properties of filled PP and UPVC composites. The extrudates obtained from the extrusion process were carefully collected in order to investigate the elastic properties (extrudate swell and melt fracture). Results revealed that the above mentioned properties are strongly dependent on the presences of kaolin and MAH in both composite systems. Observation on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the kaolin books (stacks of kaolin particles) were successfully delaminated thus lead to a well dispersed of kaolin particles in PP and UPVC matrix.

The methodology of experimental research of the feed components extrusion process in order to improve its energy performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
E. M. Ratnikov ◽  
D. O. Milko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Mathematical Planning ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Extrusion Processing ◽  
Definition Of

Annotation Purpose. Development of a program and methods for conducting experimental studies of the extrusion process with the definition of parameters and modes of operation of the extruder to improve its energy performance. Methods. Methods of mathematical statistics, synthesis, analysis, description and modeling were used. Results. The application of mathematical methods, in particular mathematical planning, reduces the number of experiments several times, and allows to evaluate the role of influencing factors, obtain a mathematical model of the process and determine the optimal conditions for its parameters and modes, etc. Conclusions. The methodology for experimental studies of a screw extruder is presented with the necessary equipment and methodology for processing the obtained experimental data. A mathematical method of planning, which reduces the number of experiments several times, allows us to evaluate the role of factors affecting productivity and energy intensity is presented. Keywords: extruder, auger, nutrients, research methodology, extrusion, processing, feed.

scholarly journals High-Moisture Meat Analogues Produced from Yellow Pea and Faba Bean Protein Isolates/Concentrate: Effect of Raw Material Composition and Extrusion Parameters on Texture Properties

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Ferawati Ferawati ◽  
Izalin Zahari ◽  
Malin Barman ◽  
Mohammed Hefni ◽  
Cecilia Ahlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Protein Isolates ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Meat Analogue ◽  
Bean Protein

Yellow pea and faba bean are potential candidates to replace soybean-based ingredients due to their suitability for cultivation in the northern hemisphere, non-genetically modified organisms cultivation practice and low risk of allergenicity. This study examined the functionality of local yellow pea and faba bean protein isolates/concentrate as meat analogue products. The most critical factors affecting the texture properties of meat analogue were also determined. Extrusion was used to produce high-moisture meat analogues (HMMAs) from yellow pea and faba bean protein isolates/concentrates and HMMAs with fibrous layered structures was successfully produced from both imported commercial and local sources. The texture properties of the HMMA produced were mainly affected by the ash, fiber and protein content and water-holding capacity of the source protein. Three extrusion process parameters (target moisture content, extrusion temperature, screw speed), also significantly affected HMMA texture. In conclusion, functional HMMA can be produced using protein isolates derived from locally grown pulses.

The Inverse Prediction for Profile Extrusion Die Based on the Finite Element Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 2332-2335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhang ◽  
Chuan Zhen Huang ◽  
Yu Xi Jia ◽  
Jin Long Liu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Polymer Melt ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Polymer Extrusion ◽  
Extrudate Swell ◽  
Extrusion Die ◽  
Element Method

Considering the extrudate swell, the polymer extrusion process was calculated by the inversed simulation based on the visco-elastic ecology theory. The fluid characteristics of the polymer melt were described by the Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT) model. The Finite Element Method was used. Based on the simulation data, the extrusion die lips were analyzed. So it is feasible to design the polymer extrusion die lips using inversed simulation method.

A study of various factors affecting Newtonian extrudate swell

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 195-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Mitsoulis ◽  
Georgios C. Georgiou ◽  
Zacharias Kountouriotis
Keyword(s):  
Extrudate Swell ◽  
Factors Affecting

Effect of Punch Surface Topography on Friction in Micro Combined Forward and Backward Extrusion of Brass

2014 ◽  
Vol 939 ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Cheng Chang ◽  
Cheng Ping Siao
Keyword(s):  
Surface Topography ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Backward Extrusion ◽  
Micro Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Metal Forming Process

Friction is one of the key factors affecting the metal forming process. If the friction effects of the process can be accurately modeled, it is able to improve simulations and help the research and development of the metal forming process. This study used cylindrical brass (JIS C2600) billets with the height and diameter of 1.1 mm for conducting the experiments of the micro combined forward and backward extrusion. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of punch surface topography on friction in the process. Four surface topography conditions for 0.8 mm diameter punches were prepared by grinding, polishing, grooving and micro electrical discharge machining processes. By comparing the ratio of the cup height to rod length of the extruded cups with the calibration curves established by simulations, the friction factor was estimated in a range from 0.3 to 0.6. The results showed that the punch surface topography significantly affect the friction in the extrusion process. The predicted loads using the estimated friction factors were in good agreement with the experimental results.

scholarly journals Optimization of Bi2O3, TiO2, and Sb2O3Doped ZnO-Based Low-Voltage Varistor Ceramic to Maximize Nonlinear Electrical Properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Dorraj ◽  
Azmi Zakaria ◽  
Yadollah Abdollahi ◽  
Mansor Hashim ◽  
Seyedehmaryam Moosavi
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Spinel Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Milling Method ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Good Agreement

In ZnO-based low voltage varistor, the two essential features of microstructure determining its nonlinear response are the formation Bi-enriched active grain boundaries as well as a controlled ZnO grain size by secondary spinel-type phases. Besides, the microstructure and phase composition are strongly affected by the dopant concentration during sintering process. In this study, the optimal dopant levels of Bi2O3, TiO2, and Sb2O3to achieve maximized nonlinear electrical property (alpha) were quantified by the response surface methodology (RSM). RSM was also used to understand the significance and interaction of the factors affecting the response. Variables were determined as the molar ratio of Bi2O3, TiO2, and Sb2O3. The alpha was chosen as response in the study. The 5-level-3-factor central composite design, with 20 runs, was used to conduct the experiments by ball milling method. A quadratic model was established as a functional relationship between three independent variables and alpha. According to the results, the optimum values of Bi2O3, TiO2, and Sb2O3were obtained 0.52, 0.50, and 0.30, respectively. Under optimal conditions the predicted alpha (9.47) was calculated using optimal coded values from the model and the theoretical value is in good agreement with the value (9.43) obtained by confirmation experiment.

Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Extrudate Swell in the Polymer Extrusion Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 314-316 ◽  
pp. 401-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhang ◽  
Chuan Zhen Huang ◽  
Guo Wen Chen ◽  
Yu Xi Jia
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Polymer Extrusion ◽  
Extrudate Swell ◽  
Rate Profile

The extrudate swell of the polymer extrusion process was studied with the experiment and simulation method. The extrudate swell process was recorded by the high-speed photography apparatus. The swell rate at the different time was calculated. It is found that the extrudate swell rate increase at the first five seconds. The maximum swell rate is about 4.37%. The three-dimensional numerical simulation model of the experiment die path was founded. The extrusion process including the extrudate swell was simulated used the Finite Element Method. Such simulated results as the velocity vector, the shear rate profile and the end of the swell zone were analyzed. The extrudate swell end got by the simulation is similar with the experiment result.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Competence of Cocoa Farmers in Central Sulawesi Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andri Amaliel Managanta ◽  
Sumardjo Sumardjo ◽  
Dwi Sadono ◽  
Prabowo Tjitropranoto
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Service Role ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Cocoa Farmers ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Extension Support

Cocoa is a pre-eminent commodity in Indonesia after oil palm and rubber. However, there has not been much improvement in production due to the lack of technological improvement and lack of extension support in increasing the competence of cocoa farmers. This study aims to: (1) analyze the characteristics of cocoa farmers, extension roles, and competence of cocoa farmers, (2) to analyze the effect of farmer characteristics and extension service role on cocoa farmers competency level, (3) analyze the extension approach in improving farmers’ competence. The study was conducted in four districts in Central Sulawesi Province, namely Poso, Sigi, North Morowali and Donggala districts. Cluster random sampling technique was applied with relatively advanced and less developed village clusters in each district. The total research samples were 380. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling(SEM). The results show that the level of competence of low cocoa farmers is caused by the weakness to cosmopolitan. In addition, the low competence is due to the weak role of extension personal as communicator, advisor, dynamics role, motivator, organizer, and educator. Efforts to increase farmer's competence require their cosmopolitan improvement and extension personal roles as communicators, advisors, motivators, organizers, educators and dynamic role.

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