Ethylene Propylene Dicyclopentadiene Terpolymerization

1965 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 620-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sartori ◽  
A. Valvassori ◽  
S. Faina
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Reactivity ◽  
Ethylene Propylene

Abstract Monomers (both monoolefinic and diolefinic) containing the bicyclo[2.2.1] heptene system copolymerize with ethylene and propylene by opening the double bond of the endo-methylenic system without rupture of the bicycloheptene system itself. Therefore, only diolefinic monomers produced unsaturated terpolymers. The rate of ethylene-propylene-dicyclopentadiene terpolymerization and the relative reactivity of ethylene and propylene are influenced by the concentration of dicyclopentadiene present in the liquid phase. The rate of vulcanization of ethylene-propylene-dicyclopentadiene terpolymers is slower than that of the other synthetic elastomers (butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene-cyclooctadiene-1,5 terpolymer).

Determination of Double Bonds in Ethylene Propylene Terpolymer Rubbers

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 936-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hank
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Conjugated Dienes ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Double Bonds ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Considerable Success

Abstract Developments in the field of sulfur vulcanized unsaturated ethylene propylene terpolymer rubbers, also known as EPT rubbers, have progressed rapidly in recent years. Considerable success has been achieved in producing EPT rubbers from ethylene, propylene, and various dienes. Initial difficulties, involving introduction of double bonds into already known ethylene propylene copolymers, were soon overcome when it became clear that it was not the then commonly conjugated dienes such as butadiene and isoprene, but rather nonconjugated dienes, which were required for successful terpolymerization with ethylene and propylene, according to the Ziegler process. As with butyl rubber, it is sufficient, for vulcanization purposes, to incorporate one or two mole per cent of such dienes into the terpolymer. It is especially important, not only for polymerization, but also for rubber processing, to know the type and amount of unsaturation. In this article we wish first of all to report on double bond determinations in general and then, in particular, on qualitative and quantitative dicyclopentadiene determinations in ethylene propylene terpolymers. It is especially important, not only for polymerization, but also for rubber processing, to know the type and amount of unsaturation. In this article we wish first of all to report on double bond determinations in general and then, in particular, on qualitative and quantitative dicyclopentadiene determinations in ethylene propylene terpolymers.

A Peroxide Curing Butyl Rubber

1969 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1147-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Oxley ◽  
G. J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chain Scission ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Peroxide Curing ◽  
Polymer Reactions ◽  
Crosslinking Reactions

Abstract The reactions of peroxides with polymers have been studied for some time. They form an extensive part of vulcanization technology. Two types of reactions are generally recognized, those leading to crosslinking between polymer chains and those leading to scission of the chains. Natural rubber, polybutadiene and ethylene-propylene rubber are examples of polymers in which crosslinking reactions take place to a greater extent than reactions leading to chain scission and these polymer reactions with peroxides form a useful method of vulcanization. On the other hand, polyisobutene is an example of a polymer which degrades extensively and for polyisobutene and butyl rubber, peroxides have not found use as cross-linking agents.

Participation by some oxygen containing groups in hypobromous acid addition to double bond

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 3660-3673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kočovský
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Relative Reactivity ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Hypobromous Acid ◽  
Electron Withdrawing Substituents

5(O)n and 6(O)π,n participations by some oxygen containing functional groups in the course of reaction with hypobromous acid have been studied on olefinic models of steroid type (I and II). The ability of these groups to participate has been compared on the basis of their relative reactivity with water (as externally attacking nucleophile) competing with participation. The results of the product analysis show that the ability to react with 5(O)n participation decreases in the order HO > CH3O ≃ CH3OCH2O > CH3CO2 > HCO2 > CH3SO3 ≥ (C2H5O)2PO2 > C6H5CO2 > O2NO ≫ CF3CO2, C2H5OCO2; in the last two functional groups is this ability completely suppressed. The 6(O)π,n participation comes in consideration only for compounds of the type II bearing the groups with the -X=O moiety which are ordered in the following sequence: C2H5OCO2 ≃ CH3CO2 ≥ (C2H5O)2PO2 > HCO2 > C6H5CO2. The remaining functional groups (CF3CO2, O2NO and CH3SO3do not undergo this process. Generally, it is valid that introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents into a participating group impedes or completely suppresses its ability to participate.

The Reactivity of Different Active Forms of Sodium Carbonate with Respect to Sulfur Dioxide

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2302-2308
Author(s):  
Karel Mocek ◽  
Erich Lippert ◽  
Emerich Erdös
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Active Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of the reaction of solid sodium carbonate with sulfur dioxide depends on the microstructure of the solid, which in turn is affected by the way and conditions of its preparation. The active form, analogous to that obtained by thermal decomposition of NaHCO3, emerges from the dehydration of Na2CO3 . 10 H2O in a vacuum or its weathering in air at room temperature. The two active forms are porous and have approximately the same specific surface area. Partial hydration of the active Na2CO3 in air at room temperature followed by thermal dehydration does not bring about a significant decrease in reactivity. On the other hand, if the preparation of anhydrous Na2CO3 involves, partly or completely, the liquid phase, the reactivity of the product is substantially lower.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on the Corrosion Inhibition of Trans-4-Hydroxy-4′-Stilbazole on Mild Steel in HCl Solution

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayssar Nahlé ◽  
Ideisan I. Abu-Abdoun ◽  
Ibrahim Abdel-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Adsorption Isotherm ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Thermodynamic Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temkin Adsorption Isotherm ◽  
Hcl Solution

The inhibition and the effect of temperature and concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4′-stilbazole on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss experiments at temperatures ranging from 303 to 343 K. The studied inhibitor concentrations were between  M and  M. The percentage inhibition increased with the increase of the concentration of the inhibitor. The percentage inhibition reached about 94% at the concentration of  M and 303 K. On the other hand, the percentage inhibition decreased with the increase of temperature. Using the Temkin adsorption isotherm, the thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of this inhibitor on the metal surface were calculated. Trans-4-hydroxy-4′-stilbazole was found to be a potential corrosion inhibitor since it contained not only nitrogen and oxygen, but also phenyl and pyridine rings that are joined together with a double bond (–C=C–) in conjugation with these rings.

Breakthrough of Sublimation Drying by Liquid Phase Deposition

2021 ◽  
Vol 314 ◽  
pp. 172-177
Author(s):  
Yuta Sasaki ◽  
Yousuke Hanawa ◽  
Masayuki Otsuji ◽  
Naozumi Fujiwara ◽  
Masahiko Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Interfacial Free Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liquid Phase Deposition ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Substrate Side ◽  
Drying Technology

Damage-free drying becomes increasingly difficult with the scaling of semiconductor devices. In this work, we studied a new sublimation drying technology for 3nm node and beyond. In order to investigate the collapse factor by conventional sublimation drying, we observed the pattern with cryo-SEM and revealed that the collapse occurred when the liquid film on the substrate solidified. Based on this result, we considered that it was important to deposit a solidified film uniformly from the substrate side to suppress collapse. Two key process parameters were evaluated to achieve the uniform formation of the solidified film. One is interfacial free energy and the other is film thickness of solution just before solidification. By optimizing two key parameters, it was successfully demonstrated to suppress pattern collapse of challenging devices. In this paper, we report on a new drying method: sublimation drying by LPD (Liquid-phase deposition).

C60 Framework Response to Halogen Addition: the Stable Isomers of C60Br2m

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Peel ◽  
RG Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Molecular Orbital ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Spectroscopic Characterization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semiempirical Calculations ◽  
Elementary Model ◽  
Local Distortion

The isolation and spectroscopic characterization of halogenated fullerene-60 compounds has not advanced greatly during the 2 years of effort in this area. While the fully fluorinated C60F60 has been studied in some detail, other halogen addition processes have indicated chlorination up to C60Cl24 and bromination up to C60Br24. However, definitive structural information has to date only been provided for three compounds, namely C60Br6, C60Br6 and C60Br24. Iodine does not appear to form genuine addition compounds. In the work reported here semiempirical calculations using the AM1 approximation with the MOPAC molecular orbital program have been directed to comparing the possible stable isomers of the 1:1 addition compounds C60X2 for X = F, Cl and Br. The favoured isomers can be described as 1,2-additions (to a double bond at a hexagon-hexagon fusion) and 1,4-additions (to the terminal carbons of a butadiene moiety) with higher-energy isomers resulting from 1,6- and 1,8-additions. The other isomers represented by 1,3- 1,5- and 1,7-additions are only stable relative to dissociation in the case of the fluorine addition compounds. By contrast for Br2 addition only the 1,2- and 1,4-isomers are stable toward dissociation. The calculations show that, at and near the addition site carbons, X2 addition is adequately described in terms of local distortion of the C60 sphere. The elementary model of C60 as comprising formal single and double bonds is relevant since C60 behaves as a 'poly- alkene ', with sp3 carbons replacing sp2 carbons at the addition sites. This model offers an explanation for the unique structures observed for C60Br6 and C60Br24 which the AM1calculations show to be very stable toward dissociation. However, the experimental C60Br8 structure is found to be relatively less stable than another isomer. Also high-stability isomers of C60Br4, C60Br10, C60Br12 and C60Br18 are predicted.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Antiradical Activity of 2-Arylidenemalonic Acid Dianilides

2020 ◽  
Vol 850 ◽  
pp. 230-235
Author(s):  
Inese Mieriņa ◽  
Darja Kostjuņina ◽  
Dārta Zelma Skrastiņa ◽  
Mara Jure
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Antiradical Activity ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Carboxylic Group ◽  
Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
Acid Anilides

The most common cinnamoyl anilines are avenanthramides, which are natural antioxidants found in oats. This is a rather uncommon and not well-investigated group of antioxidants. This paper deals with 2-arylidenemalonic acid dianilides – cinnamoyl anilines which are decorated with an additional arylaminocarbonyl moiety at α-position of double bond. The DPPH scavenging activity of the title compounds is slightly lower in comparison to the corresponding cinnamoyl anilines. On the other hand, the title dianilides are more active than cinnamic acid anilides containing an additional carboxylic group in the α-position of double bond.

A Gas Chromatographic Column for Pesticide Residue Analysis: Retention Times and Response Data

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-385
Author(s):  
Jerry A Burke ◽  
Wendell Holswade
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pesticide Residue Analysis ◽  
Column Temperature ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Relative Retention ◽  
Injection Temperature

Abstract DC-200 and QF-1 have been combined as the liquid phase in a GLC column to give a different elution of pesticides from the nonpolar methyl silicones now in wide use. The column packing consists of intimately mixed, equal portions of previously coated 80/100 mesh Gas Chrom Q: one portion with 15% QF-1 and the other with 10% DC-200. Operating conditions for a 6 ft × 4 mm i.d. column are as follows: column temperature, 200°C; injection temperature, 225°C; and flow rate, 120 ml N2/min. Relative retention times and response data for electron capture and microcoulometric GLC systems are tabulated for over 85 pesticide chemicals.

Structure and Content of Dicyclopentadiene in Ethylene Propylene Dicyclopentadiene Terpolymers

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-568
Author(s):  
R. J. de Kock ◽  
A. Veermans
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Polymer Chain ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Double Bonds ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopic ◽  
Polymerization Mixture ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract With the aid of model compounds—derivatives of endo- and exo-dicyclopentadiene—it has been established that a) the 9, 10-double bond (the double bond in the norbornane ring) is involved in the polymerization of dicyclopentadiene with ethylene and propylene, b) dicyclopentadiene, present in the polymerization mixture in the endo-configuration, occurs in the exo-configuration in the polymer chain. The same model compounds enable the dicyclopentadiene content of ethylene propylene dicyclopentadiene terpolymers to be determined by infrared spectroscopic methods. Use is made of the 3045 cm−1 band, which is characteristic of endo-cyclic double bonds in five-membered rings.

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